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The ability to remember an antigenic encounter for several decades, even for a life time, is one of the fundamental properties of the immune system. This phenomenon known as "immunological memory", is the foundation upon which the concept if vaccination rests. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which immunological memory is regulated is of paramount importance. Recent advances in immunology, particularly in the field of innate immunity, suggest that the innate immune system plays fundamental roles in influencing immunological memory. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests that events that occur early, within hours if not minutes of pathogen or vaccine entry profoundly shape the quantity, quality and duration of immunological memory. The present volume assembles a collection of essays from leading experts that span the entire spectrum research from understanding the molecular mechanisms of innate immune recognition, to dendritic cell function, to the generation and maintenance of antigen-specific B and T-cell responses.

Immunologic memory. --- Natural immunity. --- Immune response. --- Immunology --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Immunity --- Immune memory --- Immunological memory --- Memory, Immune --- Memory, Immunologic --- Immunology. --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology

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Autophagic vacuoles. --- Cell death. --- Natural immunity. --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Immunity --- Cell degeneration --- Cells --- Death (Biology) --- Autophagocytosis

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Fishes --- Natural immunity --- Natural immunity. --- Feeding and feeds --- Nutrition --- Feeding and feeds. --- Nutrition. --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Immunity --- Fish --- Pisces --- Aquatic animals --- Vertebrates --- Fisheries --- Fishing --- Ichthyology --- Food

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Biological DNA Sensor defines the meaning of DNA sensing pathways and demonstrates the importance of the innate immune responses induced by double stranded DNA (dsDNA) through its influencing functions in disease pathology and immune activity of adjuvants for vaccines. Though discussed in specific subsections of existing books, dsDNA and its immunogenic properties has never received the complete treatment given in this book. Biological DNA Sensor approaches the impact of dsDNA's immunogenicity on disease and vaccinology holistically. It paints a complete and concise pi

Biosensors. --- Natural immunity. --- Nucleic acids. --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Immunity --- Biodetectors --- Biological detectors --- Biological sensors --- Biomedical detectors --- Biomedical sensors --- Detectors --- Medical instruments and apparatus --- Physiological apparatus

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Inflammation of the brain in the context of neurodegenerative disorders is an area of intense debate and discussion, not least in terms of its pathogenic significance and the extent to which it drives disease processes and pathology. This inflammation can take several forms including innate responses involving microglia, humoral responses involving antibody, complement mediated processes and cellular T-cell activation, of which the role and extent of each may differ between diseases. Whilst some diseases have been more intensely linked to inflammation and long-term degeneration (e.g. MS), more traditional chronic neurodegenerative disorders have been thought of in terms of intrinsic neuronal pathology with a secondary innate response. However, it has been described that microglia activation is an early event of many degenerative disorders and evidence is accumulating that it may play a critical role in actually causing pathology and driving disease processes. If true, this would have major therapeutic implications, but what is the evidence that this is the case?The initial observations by Patrick McGeer’s group of post-mortem tissue from patients with Parkinson’s disease revealed the presence of activated brain microglia long-term and has thus lead to the hypothesis that chronic inflammation could participate to neuronal degenerative processes. The significance of these original observations has only been recently revisited, and the development of more powerful tools to study the brain immune response has certainly contributed to this field of research. Chronic inflammation in the brain can take many forms but of particular interest has been the resident microglia and the role they play in this process. In this context, microglia have often been thought to become activated only after the disease has begun and then to contribute minimally to the degenerative process. Emerging new concepts challenge this view by proposing that microglial senescence, for example, may release the disease process and/or accelerate it. In addition, microglia, once activated, can adopt different phenotypes which can be both pro-inflammatory and pro-repair and may impact not only on the healthy adult neuronal population but on those new neurons derived from neurogenic niches of the adult brain.In this Research Topic, we attempt to explore this by first considering the innate immune responses in the brain and the methods by which they can be studied experimentally and in patients with various neurodegenerative disorders. This sets the scene for then discussing a range of different disorders including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These papers seek to discuss the evidence for an innate immune response and whether this is beneficial or detrimental, as well as its therapeutic implications.

Natural immunity. --- Nervous system --- Degeneration. --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Immunity --- Degeneration, Nerve --- Nerve degeneration --- Nervous system degeneration --- Neurodegenerative disease --- Neurodegenerative diseases --- Neurodegenerative disorders --- Neuron degeneration --- Nissl degeneration --- Retrograde degeneration --- Wallerian degeneration --- Degeneration (Pathology) --- Degeneration and regeneration --- Therapeutics --- Inflammation --- Animal Models