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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Immunology --- immune cell --- innate immune system --- adaptive immune system --- CNS --- PNS --- immune cell --- innate immune system --- adaptive immune system --- CNS --- PNS

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NK cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that share some features with adaptive immune cells like T cells. They are well known for their importance to control viral infections and tumor development, but also intracellular bacterial and parasitic infections. A balance between negative and positive signals transmitted via germ line-encoded inhibitory and activating receptors controls the function of NK cells. Activated NK cells respond by killing the infected or tumor cells without prior sensitization, and by producing cytokines and chemokines. It has been shown that NK cells cross-talk with other immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, can shape T cell and B cell immune responses through direct interactions as well as by virtue of their cytokine/chemokine production. NK cells can also regulate immune responses by killing other immune cells, including activated T cells, or by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines upon excessive inflammation. However, NK cells are not friends in all situations. Indeed, it has been shown in LCMV-infected murine models that, depending on the viral inoculation load, NK cells may either help fight infection or can promote chronic infection. Moreover in cancer models, it has been shown that NK cells can kill anti-tumoral T cells. Recent studies of NK cells in patients with cancer support the notion of detrimental roles of NK cells. Furthermore, studies implicate NK cells in contributing to both graft rejection and tolerance to an allograft. In some autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, NK cells may promote disease pathogenesis. The scope of this Research Topic is to present and discuss knowledge on the role of NK cells in various diseases settings: viral infections as well as other infections, cancer, transplantation, and autoimmunity. The aim is to discuss how NK cells respond during disease and specifically when, why and how NK cells can be harmful and if they exert different functions (production of specific cytokines, inhibition of other immune cells through other mechanisms beside cytotoxicity) in these situations. Which are the NK cell subsets that play beneficial or deleterious roles in these diseases? Are there different phenotypes associated with protective NK cells (e.g. antiviral, antitumoral) and NK cells involved in disease pathogenesis? How are these diverse NK cells activated and do they function primarily through direct cytotoxicity, ADCC or cytokine and chemokine production? What are the signals or interactions that can change and shape the NK cell response shifting them from protective to harmful? We thank the authors that submitted reviews and original research manuscripts that help to better understand these questions, with the aim that this will help the scientific community to determine what could be the main future research directions to better understand the role of NK cells in disease protection or development.

natural killer cells --- antimicrobial response --- signaling pathways --- uterine natural killer cells --- inflammation --- antitumor response --- transplantation --- antiviral response --- innate immune system --- natural killer cells --- antimicrobial response --- signaling pathways --- uterine natural killer cells --- inflammation --- antitumor response --- transplantation --- antiviral response --- innate immune system

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NK cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that share some features with adaptive immune cells like T cells. They are well known for their importance to control viral infections and tumor development, but also intracellular bacterial and parasitic infections. A balance between negative and positive signals transmitted via germ line-encoded inhibitory and activating receptors controls the function of NK cells. Activated NK cells respond by killing the infected or tumor cells without prior sensitization, and by producing cytokines and chemokines. It has been shown that NK cells cross-talk with other immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, can shape T cell and B cell immune responses through direct interactions as well as by virtue of their cytokine/chemokine production. NK cells can also regulate immune responses by killing other immune cells, including activated T cells, or by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines upon excessive inflammation. However, NK cells are not friends in all situations. Indeed, it has been shown in LCMV-infected murine models that, depending on the viral inoculation load, NK cells may either help fight infection or can promote chronic infection. Moreover in cancer models, it has been shown that NK cells can kill anti-tumoral T cells. Recent studies of NK cells in patients with cancer support the notion of detrimental roles of NK cells. Furthermore, studies implicate NK cells in contributing to both graft rejection and tolerance to an allograft. In some autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, NK cells may promote disease pathogenesis. The scope of this Research Topic is to present and discuss knowledge on the role of NK cells in various diseases settings: viral infections as well as other infections, cancer, transplantation, and autoimmunity. The aim is to discuss how NK cells respond during disease and specifically when, why and how NK cells can be harmful and if they exert different functions (production of specific cytokines, inhibition of other immune cells through other mechanisms beside cytotoxicity) in these situations. Which are the NK cell subsets that play beneficial or deleterious roles in these diseases? Are there different phenotypes associated with protective NK cells (e.g. antiviral, antitumoral) and NK cells involved in disease pathogenesis? How are these diverse NK cells activated and do they function primarily through direct cytotoxicity, ADCC or cytokine and chemokine production? What are the signals or interactions that can change and shape the NK cell response shifting them from protective to harmful? We thank the authors that submitted reviews and original research manuscripts that help to better understand these questions, with the aim that this will help the scientific community to determine what could be the main future research directions to better understand the role of NK cells in disease protection or development.

natural killer cells --- antimicrobial response --- signaling pathways --- uterine natural killer cells --- inflammation --- antitumor response --- transplantation --- antiviral response --- innate immune system

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Wood surface attributes can be established by examining its several different physical or chemical properties. Differences in the wood surfaces occur between the manufacturing and post-treatment processes as well. Understanding how their unique anisotropic molecular organization, chemical linkages, branching, and other molecular features govern micro- and macroscale accessibility is essential for coating and complex modification processes. It is therefore important for scientific as well as practical reasons to qualify and quantify the effects of wood surface treatments and modifications. Challenges still exist to fully understanding the effect of the numerous applied chemicals and the wide range of treatment processes on wood surfaces.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- broiler --- thermal manipulation --- antioxidant --- heat stress --- cold stress --- Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus --- RNA-Seq --- Transcriptome analysis --- Holstein cattle --- sheep --- intersex --- whole-genome resequencing --- copy number variation --- forming mechanism --- dairy cattle diseases --- innate immune system --- metabolic stress --- microbiome --- mastitis --- bovine mammary epithelial cells --- inflammatory cytokines --- NF-κB signaling --- PRRs --- TLRs --- Piemontese breed --- arthrogryposis --- macroglossia --- genetic model --- TLR3 --- TLR4 --- TLR7 --- foals --- immunostimulation --- gene expression --- bovine mastitis --- JAK-STAT pathway --- JAK2 --- STATs --- SOCS3 --- immunity --- milk production --- DNA methylation --- high-fat diet --- rabbits --- next generation sequencing --- transcriptomics --- bioinformatics --- genome editing --- disease resistance --- livestock --- dairy cattle --- teat-end hyperkeratosis --- udder health --- somatic cell --- genetic correlation --- selection response --- Holstein Friesian cattle --- mastitis resistance --- candidate genes --- SNP selection --- next-generation sequencing --- broiler --- thermal manipulation --- antioxidant --- heat stress --- cold stress --- Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus --- RNA-Seq --- Transcriptome analysis --- Holstein cattle --- sheep --- intersex --- whole-genome resequencing --- copy number variation --- forming mechanism --- dairy cattle diseases --- innate immune system --- metabolic stress --- microbiome --- mastitis --- bovine mammary epithelial cells --- inflammatory cytokines --- NF-κB signaling --- PRRs --- TLRs --- Piemontese breed --- arthrogryposis --- macroglossia --- genetic model --- TLR3 --- TLR4 --- TLR7 --- foals --- immunostimulation --- gene expression --- bovine mastitis --- JAK-STAT pathway --- JAK2 --- STATs --- SOCS3 --- immunity --- milk production --- DNA methylation --- high-fat diet --- rabbits --- next generation sequencing --- transcriptomics --- bioinformatics --- genome editing --- disease resistance --- livestock --- dairy cattle --- teat-end hyperkeratosis --- udder health --- somatic cell --- genetic correlation --- selection response --- Holstein Friesian cattle --- mastitis resistance --- candidate genes --- SNP selection --- next-generation sequencing

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This is a collection of scientific research articles focusing on the associations and/or interactions of various aquatic animals with their microorganisms, focusing mostly on fish and, in particular, gut bacterial communities.

hybrid striped bass --- microbiome --- bacteria --- bioprocessed soybean meal --- tuna --- enteric bacteria --- fish --- barcoding --- gut --- eating disorders --- feeding behavior --- gut microbiota --- Siniperca chuatsi --- innate immunity --- appetite --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- Lactobacillus rhamnosus --- Clostridium butyricum --- coral-macroalgal shift --- coral reef fish --- enteric bacteriome --- microbial functions --- Lacticaseibacillus casei --- colonization --- crucian carp --- gastrointestinal tract --- 60Co irradiation sterilization --- transit marker --- Geobacillus stearothermophilus --- high-throughput sequencing --- intestinal microflora --- fish gut --- biosurfactants --- grey mullets --- natural antibiotics --- Atlantic cod --- microbiota --- innate immune system --- germ-free --- gnotobiotic --- functional ingredient --- immunity --- core microbiome --- macroalga and rabbitfish --- bacterial motility --- motility methods --- flagella --- bacterial–host interaction --- microscopy --- melon-headed whale --- microbial communities --- aquatic mammal --- invertebrate --- sample preservation --- crayfish --- dragonfly --- hybrid fishes --- gut microbiome --- community and function --- speciation --- invasion --- fish conservation and management --- steelhead trout --- hatcheries --- aquaculture --- chemotherapeutants --- environmental variation --- founder effects --- lake sturgeon