Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The objective of this paper is to provide high-level background information on the interdependency between the supply of electricity and water in Southern Africa. The paper assimilates information based an extensive review of recent work on the energy and watersectors in the region and beyond, and the World Bank's sector dialogue in the region. The paper is intended to help facilitate a dialogue on the energy-water nexus in the region, especially fromthe perspective of electricity sector planning, and help the World Bank engage key sectorstakeholders on the issue.The value of this paper is in bringing together the latest knowledge work and other key information relevant for energy-water nexus dialogue in Southern Africa. This information has been derived from a number of fragmented sources, and an effort has been made to present the information in a logical framework, in one document that can help initiate discussions in the region.This paper was conceptualized as a background discussion paper and does not seek to make any recommendations on policy alternatives to tackle challenges facing the region on energy-water nexus issues. Any recommendations should be rooted in a thorough assessment of the specificchallenges, institutions and objectives of the region; and most importantly should follow from aconstructive regional dialogue amongst key stakeholders.The issues and implications that surround the energy-water nexus are numerous. The use of electricity and water as critical inputs to economic activity, implies that there are many interlinkages that can be explored. To increase the usefulness of the information and the framework presented, this paper focuses on the perspective of electricity supply, and highlights nexus issues that are directly relevant to it. Important related nexus issues such as agriculture and its dependence on reliable water and electricity (the energy-water-food nexus) are not considered and are left for future work. Thus, in referring to the energy-water nexus, the paper considers issues on electricity and water sectors in relation to electricity supply and long-term planning around it, including the feedback loop to water. By highlighting key analytical work and drawing insights relevant to Southern Africa, this paper aims to support an informed regional dialogue on decision making about the energy-water nexus in the region.

Climate Change --- Electric Power --- Electricity --- Energy --- Financial and Private Sector Development --- Hydro Power --- Hydropower --- Infrastructure Services For Private Sector Development --- Regional Integration --- Trade and Integration --- Transboundary Water Management --- Water Policy & Governance --- Water Resources --- Watershed Management

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Pakistan is facing a large deficit in electricity supply. A report published by the Government of Pakistan (GoP) in 2013 showed that the electricity supply-demand gap has continuously grown over the past five years and has reached 4,500 to 5,500 Megawatt (MW) in 2013. Such an enormous gap has led to load-shedding of 12-16 hours a day across the country. GoP has set a target to reduce the electricity supply-demand gap to zero by 2017. In order to attain such ambitious target, the GoP has been endeavoring to exploit various options to meet the current and future anticipated electricity needs of the country. In order to support the GoP, the World Bank (WB) has been providing assistance towards continued development of renewable power (RE) generation (hydro, biomass, solar and wind). Therefore, the energy sector meets electricity demand in an efficient, affordable and environmentally sustainable manner. Biomass resource mapping is one of component of the ongoing renewable energy resource mapping project in Pakistan. The objective of this biomass mapping component is to support the sustainable expansion of electricity generation from biomass. This is fulfilled by providing the national government and provincial authorities in Pakistan, and commercial project developers, with an improved understanding of the location and potential of biomass resources. This project is being implemented by the World Bank in Pakistan in close coordination with the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB), a government agency of Pakistan. The project is funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered by the WB and supported by eleven bilateral donors. It is part of a major ESMAP initiative in support of renewable energy resource mapping and geospatial planning across multiple countries.

Climate Change --- Energy --- Energy Policies & Economics --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment and Natural Resource Management --- Finance --- Financial and Private Sector Development --- Infrastructure Services For Private Sector Development --- Power & Energy Conversion --- Renewable Energy

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

A substantial increase in sector financing will be necessary to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 calling for universal access to safe water and sanitation while addressing issues of water quality and scarcity to balance the needs of households, agriculture, industry, energy, and the environment over the next 15 years. Recent estimates by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) indicate that the present value of the additional investment in WSS alone needed through 2030 will exceed USD 1.7 trillion (Hutton and Varughese 2016). Existing funding falls far short of this amount; countries may have to increase their investment in the water and sanitation sectors by up to four times in order to meet the SDGs. Where is Financing for the Water SDG Going to Come From?

Access to Finance --- Finance and Development --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial and Private Sector Development --- Financial Intermediation --- Hydrology --- Infrastructure Services For Private Sector Development --- Public & Municipal Finance --- Sustainable Development Goals --- Water Resources --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Finance

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The power sector of Armenia achieved remarkable results through first generation policy, legal, regulatory, and institutional reforms implemented from 1991-2003, the first decade of independence. The sector achieved financial sustainability with tariffs that assured recovery of reasonable expenses and collections that reached virtually 100 percent of sales. The implicit and explicit subsidies to the power sector were eliminated and the largest sector companies were among the top taxpayers in the country. More than 70 percent of power sector assets were denationalized (privatized or transferred to Russian ownership in debt-to-asset swaps). However, in 2010 these achievements started to reverse and gradually worsened during the past several years. Today, the large state-owned sector power companies, as well as the privately-owned Electric Networks of Armenia (ENA) have accumulated large amount of expensive commercial debts and are on the verge of bankruptcy.

Bankruptcy --- Capital --- Collections --- Commercial Banks --- Deficit --- Electric Power --- Electricity --- Energy --- Energy Finance --- Energy Policies & Economics --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Equity --- Expenditures --- Family --- Finance --- Financial and Private Sector Development --- Hydropower --- Inflation --- Infrastructure Services For Private Sector Development --- Interest Rates --- Loans --- Natural Gas --- Nuclear Power --- Poverty --- Power Generation --- Power Plants --- Power Sector --- Profitability --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Governance --- Tariffs --- Thermal Power

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Apparel is the largest labor-intensive manufacturing industry in South Asia, and is a major employer of women. Although South Asia's apparel sector benefits from many of the same favorable conditions as East Asia's, performance in South Asian apparel remains well below that of East Asia. The objective of this study is to identify the policy changes necessary for South Asia to capitalize on this opportunity. The authors review the apparel sectors in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and compare them with Vietnam and China. The report uses quantitative data (analysis based on a gravity model, enterprise and buyer surveys) and qualitative information (interviews with leading firms) to identify changes in policies that would enable South Asia to meet the requirements of global buyers. Low productivity and poor trade logistics make it difficult for South Asia's apparel sector to compete in global markets, despite a cost advantage due to lower wages than other major exporters. Leading firms exhibit that world class operational performance can be achieved in South Asia by investing in training and technology. These firms overcame constraints in the external environment by achieving economies of scale, and in the case of India and Pakistan, by integrating vertically to avoid barriers to sourcing high-quality inputs on the global market. All countries should promote Plug and Play industrial zones with ready to use industrial buildings and facilities to promote women labor force participation, as female workers would be the main beneficiaries of growth in apparel production.

Competitiveness and Competition Policy --- Cottage Industry --- Employment --- Export Competitiveness --- Financial and Private Sector Development --- Industrial Economics --- Industry --- Infrastructure Services For Private Sector Development --- Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Support --- Microenterprises --- Private Sector Development --- Regulation and Competition Policy --- Small and Medium Size Enterprises --- Trade Policy