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At present, collecting and analyzing data from inside Myanmar remains notoriously difficult. There is, therefore, a non-Myanmar approach towards the majority of studies on Myanmar. This is especially the case when dealing with informal or illegal trade within the country’s territory. IRASEC and the Observatory on Illicit Trafficking wanted to fill this gap by giving the floor to Professor Winston Set Aung, the founder and the director of the Asia Development Research Institute, and director of the Asia Language and Business Academy in Myanmar. He is also an MBA lecturer at the Institute of Economics in Yangon and is involved in several international and regional research programs in partnership with various research institutes including the Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; Tokyo University, Japan; and the Institute for Security and Development Policy of Sweden, Stockholm Environmental Institute. The focus of Professor Winston Set Aung’s study is to provide a Myanmar-centric perspective on informal or illegal trade. The author offers an analysis regarding the process of informal exchanges through a pragmatic and non-contextualized critique. The causes of informal and illegal exchanges are identified and described without commenting on their origins. This intentional, measured, and calculated conservative perspective enables us to think on how to best use these flows in the current political situation in Myanmar. It seems therefore useful and relevant to make this data available to our readers.

Informal sector (Economics) --- Tax evasion --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Artisans --- Economics --- Small business --- Evasion, Fiscal --- Fiscal evasion --- Tax avoidance --- Tax delinquency --- Tax-dodging --- Tax fraud --- Taxation --- Taxation, Evasion of --- White collar crimes --- Evasion --- cross-broders mobility --- borders --- réseaux --- smuggling --- informal trade --- networks --- underground economy --- trafficking

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In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, more than a thousand pirates poured from the Atlantic into the Indian Ocean. There, according to Kevin P. McDonald, they helped launch an informal trade network that spanned the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds, connecting the North American colonies with the rich markets of the East Indies. Rather than conducting their commerce through chartered companies based in London or Lisbon, colonial merchants in New York entered into an alliance with Euro-American pirates based in Madagascar. Pirates, Merchants, Settlers, and Slaves explores the resulting global trade network located on the peripheries of world empires and shows the illicit ways American colonists met the consumer demand for slaves and East India goods. The book reveals that pirates played a significant yet misunderstood role in this period and that seafaring slaves were both commodities and essential components in the Indo-Atlantic maritime networks. Enlivened by stories of Indo-Atlantic sailors and cargoes that included textiles, spices, jewels and precious metals, chinaware, alcohol, and drugs, this book links previously isolated themes of piracy, colonialism, slavery, transoceanic networks, and cross-cultural interactions and extends the boundaries of traditional Atlantic, national, world, and colonial histories.

Pirates --- Slave trade --- Barbary corsairs --- Corsairs --- Freebooters --- Outlaws --- Buccaneers --- History --- North America --- 17th century world history. --- 18th century world history. --- american history. --- atlantic ocean. --- california world history series. --- colonial america. --- colonial merchants. --- colonialism. --- consumer demands. --- early american commerce. --- east indies. --- euro american pirates. --- global trade. --- history. --- indian ocean. --- informal trade network. --- merchant ships. --- north american colonies. --- north atlantic slave trade. --- piracy. --- pirates. --- retrospective. --- sailors. --- seafarers. --- seafaring. --- slave trade. --- slavery. --- transoceanic network. --- world empires. --- world history.