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This paper surveys the recent literature on the Japanese distribution system to consider two propositions: first, that the system is inefficient, and second that prices of imported products tend to be higher in Japan than in other markets. Most of the literature demonstrates that the system is efficient. However, the efficiency has not necessarily resulted in high social welfare as consumers have had limited access to various product lines or paid high prices for some products. This paper examines the distribution system in the automobile industry to promote understanding about the impacts of the system on price differentials.

Corporate Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Industries: Automobile --- Firm Organization and Market Structure --- Retail and Wholesale Trade --- e-Commerce --- Trade: General --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Multinational Firms --- International Business --- International economics --- Transport industries --- Public finance & taxation --- Multinationals --- Imports --- Automobile industry --- Public expenditure review --- Foreign corporations --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- Expenditure --- Automobile industry and trade --- Expenditures, Public --- Japan

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The auto sector is macro-critical in many European countries and constitutes one of the main supply chains in the region. Using a multi-sector and multi-country general equilibrium model, this paper presents a quantitative assessment of the impact of global pandemic-induced labor supply shocks—both directly and via supply chains—during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on the auto sector and aggregate activity in Europe. Our results suggest that these labor supply shocks would have a significant adverse impact on the major auto producers in Europe, with one-third of the decline in the value added of the car sector attributable to spillovers via supply chains within and across borders. Within borders, the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks in the services sector have a bigger adverse impact, reflecting their larger size and associated demand effects. Across borders, spillovers from the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks that originate in other European countries are larger than those that originate outside the region, though the latter are still sizable.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Economic Theory --- Diseases: Contagious --- Industries: Automobile --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis --- Prices --- Externalities --- Health Behavior --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic theory & philosophy --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Transport industries --- Labor supply --- Supply shocks --- Economic theory --- Spillovers --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Automobile industry --- Economic sectors --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Labor market --- Supply and demand --- International finance --- Communicable diseases --- Automobile industry and trade --- Slovak Republic

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The auto sector is macro-critical in many European countries and constitutes one of the main supply chains in the region. Using a multi-sector and multi-country general equilibrium model, this paper presents a quantitative assessment of the impact of global pandemic-induced labor supply shocks—both directly and via supply chains—during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on the auto sector and aggregate activity in Europe. Our results suggest that these labor supply shocks would have a significant adverse impact on the major auto producers in Europe, with one-third of the decline in the value added of the car sector attributable to spillovers via supply chains within and across borders. Within borders, the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks in the services sector have a bigger adverse impact, reflecting their larger size and associated demand effects. Across borders, spillovers from the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks that originate in other European countries are larger than those that originate outside the region, though the latter are still sizable.

Slovak Republic --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Economic Theory --- Diseases: Contagious --- Industries: Automobile --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis --- Prices --- Externalities --- Health Behavior --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic theory & philosophy --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Transport industries --- Labor supply --- Supply shocks --- Economic theory --- Spillovers --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Automobile industry --- Economic sectors --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Labor market --- Supply and demand --- International finance --- Communicable diseases --- Automobile industry and trade