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Jobs in exporting industries tend to pay higher wages than comparable jobs in firms focused on the domestic market. In Ethiopia, where the government has pursued an ambitious industrialization agenda, systematic data on wages in industrial parks has been scarce. This note provides an overview of worker compensation using novel firm-level data. The data shows that before the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, a majority of industrial park firms' base salary exceeded the cost of basic needs as measured by the local poverty line. When bonuses, overtime pay, incentive pay, and in-kind benefits are taken into account, the median monetary value of the total compensation package is roughly fourfold of the cost of basic needs. Nevertheless, there is significant variation in pay, both within and between industrial parks with 21 percent of the surveyed firms reporting a base pay below the local poverty line. Much of the variation can be explained by the different industries in which these firms operate. Although lack of reliable data on the broader labor market makes rigorous comparisons challenging, the survey data suggests that base pay in the industrial parks is comparable with pay in the labor markets surrounding the parks.

Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Industrial Parks --- Labor Markets --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics --- Social Protections and Labor

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Business incubators. --- Business hatcheries --- Experimental innovation centers (Business) --- Hatcheries, Business --- Incubator industrial parks --- Incubator space (Business) --- Incubators (Entrepreneurship) --- New business incubators --- Industrial districts --- Entrepreneurship --- New business enterprises

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They are being hailed as the new Holy Grail of economic development. The success of special economic zones (SEZ) in general and specialized ones in particular (industrial and technology parks) in countries as diverse as Australia, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and more recently, China; Korea; Taiwan, China; or Mauritius, has led several African leaders to launch new similar initiatives. This paper establishes a common point of reference for those who believe in the virtues of SEZs, explains why the many existing ones have not delivered the expected outcomes, and summarizes the key issues on the agenda. It then suggests cluster-based industrial parks as the most effective tool for developing competitive industries and generating employment, and provides some practical guidance to development practitioners and policymakers on the road ahead.

African industrialization --- Clusters --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Industrial parks --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Special economic zones

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China has impressed the world with its rapid economic growth over the past four decades, during which time it has increased its real income per capita by more than 25 times. However, the attendant environmental costs have also been significant, jeopardizing economic and social gains from growth. To move toward sustainable development and reduce the environmental impact of further economic growth, the Chinese government has started to prioritize green development and the building of an ecological civilization. China's 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) has upgraded the building of the ecological civilization to the level of national strategy - a policy target of top priority.According to the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), industrial parks (IPs) are the key source of industrial production and all new industrial projects are required to be operated within industrial parks (Zhang 2018). The growing concentration of industrial activities within IPs suggests that an increasing proportion of industrial pollution will be produced in IPs. Thus, promoting green development of IPs will be vital for the achievement of China's and the world's sustainable development goals.Effective management of IPs toward green development requires a well-functioning regulatory framework to provide standards, requirements, guidelines, and robust monitoring and evaluation (MandE) frameworks. Although China does not have a specific IP management law, a comprehensive regulatory framework is in place, covering different legislative levels including (from top to bottom in terms of their importance) laws, regulations, national policies, and standards and indicators. This regulatory framework covers multiple aspects of IP management, including requirements concerning the economic and environmental performances of IPs.This report conducts a comparative analysis between the Chinese green standards and the EIP Framework across all four dimensions-park management and economic, social, and environmental performance- to identify differences and share policy recommendations for further improvements of the Chinese standards.

Economic Development --- Enterprise Development and Reform --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Industrial Economics --- Industrial Parks --- Industry --- Private Sector Development --- Special Economic Zones --- Urban Development --- Urban Environment

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The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a challenge for Ethiopia's ambitious industrialization agenda focused on export-oriented light manufacturing. This note summarizes results from a survey of firms in Ethiopia's industrial parks. The data suggests that over the past months, the pandemic has severely impacted firms' ability to produce and sell their output. The availability and affordability of foreign inputs and the availability of labor are widely reported as constraints to production. Government support measures have not reached the majority of firms. After these initial demand- and supply-side shocks, firms in industrial parks are now entering a new uncertain phase: over the next six months, firms expect that orders will decrease by an average of 20 percent and employment by 17 percent compared to the same period last year. These findings illustrate the need for sustained support to protect firms and workers from the impacts of the pandemic and to preserve the significant investments made in this sector. Wage subsidy schemes and working capital loan programs will be appropriate to mitigate large-scale job losses.

Access To Finance --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Garment Industry --- Industrial Economics --- Industrial Parks --- Industry --- Layoffs --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics --- Taxation and Subsidies