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Evaluations of employment programs usually focus on direct impacts on participants. Yet employment programs can have a range of indirect effects that are rarely quantified. This paper analyzes the impact of a subsidized apprenticeship program offering dual on-the-job and theoretical training in Cote d'Ivoire. The experiment simultaneously randomized whether apprenticeship positions opened by firms were filled by the program, and whether interested youths were assigned to a formal apprenticeship. This design allows for estimating direct impacts on youths and indirect impacts on firms selected to host apprentices. The analysis identifies whether individuals forgo other employment or training opportunities, and whether firms replace other workers with program participants. The share of youths in apprenticeships increased by 52.8 percentage points. This estimate accounts for a significant windfall effect: 26 percent of the formal apprentices who were placed substituted out of traditional apprenticeships. The inflow of apprentices into firms increased significantly, but also induced substitution effects, as firms hired 0.23 fewer traditional apprentices per formal apprentice placed. Overall, the net number of apprenticeship positions created was between 51 and 74 percent of the number of formal apprentices placed. In the short term, impacts on earnings were not significant for youths, but firms benefited from an increase in the net value of work provided by apprentices.
Apprenticeship --- Direct Effects --- Education --- Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Equilibrium Effects --- Field Experiment --- Indirect Effects --- International Economics and Trade --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Small Enterprises --- Social Protections and Labor --- Training --- Vocational and Technical Education --- Vocational Education and Technical Training --- Wage Subsidy
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Nowadays, more and more people realize the importance of global sustainability. Also, there has been an increasing number of quantitative studies investigating the connection between climate change and human societies in academia. Given this background, the Atmosphere Special Issue “Climate Change, Climatic Extremes, and Human Societies in the Past” aimed to highlight the major aspects of the climate-society nexus in ancient and recent human history. There are eight papers based on quantitative approaches to illustrate different forms of climate-society nexus in ancient, historical, and contemporary periods. Regarding ancient periods, the interconnection among climate, agriculture, and human societies is focused. Regarding historical periods, the non-linear and complex relationship between climate change and the positive checks (wars, famines, and epidemics) in historical China and pre-industrial Europe is revealed. Regarding contemporary periods, the papers focus on weather-related phenomena that significantly affect human societies. The complexity of those phenomena is also highlighted. The associated findings can help human societies to mitigate the adverse impacts of weather extremes better. This special issue contributes to the field of quantitative analysis of the climate-society nexus, both theoretically and methodologically, which could facilitate a more fruitful discussion about the climate-society nexus.
Research & information: general --- soil moisture-temperature coupling --- heatwaves --- multiple time scales --- correlation dimension method --- Geogdetector method --- interaction effect --- multi-scale --- climate change --- war --- imperial China --- Global Moran's I --- Emerging Hot Spot Analysis --- plague --- direct and indirect effects --- Structural Equation Modelling --- drought --- regional interaction --- North China Famine of 1876-1879 --- human diet --- hierarchy --- bronze age --- carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios --- decision tree --- random forest --- precipitation prediction --- machine learning --- Yangtze River valley --- Yellow River valley --- rice cultivation --- millet cultivation --- precipitation --- Neolithic China --- soil moisture-temperature coupling --- heatwaves --- multiple time scales --- correlation dimension method --- Geogdetector method --- interaction effect --- multi-scale --- climate change --- war --- imperial China --- Global Moran's I --- Emerging Hot Spot Analysis --- plague --- direct and indirect effects --- Structural Equation Modelling --- drought --- regional interaction --- North China Famine of 1876-1879 --- human diet --- hierarchy --- bronze age --- carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios --- decision tree --- random forest --- precipitation prediction --- machine learning --- Yangtze River valley --- Yellow River valley --- rice cultivation --- millet cultivation --- precipitation --- Neolithic China
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Nowadays, more and more people realize the importance of global sustainability. Also, there has been an increasing number of quantitative studies investigating the connection between climate change and human societies in academia. Given this background, the Atmosphere Special Issue “Climate Change, Climatic Extremes, and Human Societies in the Past” aimed to highlight the major aspects of the climate-society nexus in ancient and recent human history. There are eight papers based on quantitative approaches to illustrate different forms of climate-society nexus in ancient, historical, and contemporary periods. Regarding ancient periods, the interconnection among climate, agriculture, and human societies is focused. Regarding historical periods, the non-linear and complex relationship between climate change and the positive checks (wars, famines, and epidemics) in historical China and pre-industrial Europe is revealed. Regarding contemporary periods, the papers focus on weather-related phenomena that significantly affect human societies. The complexity of those phenomena is also highlighted. The associated findings can help human societies to mitigate the adverse impacts of weather extremes better. This special issue contributes to the field of quantitative analysis of the climate-society nexus, both theoretically and methodologically, which could facilitate a more fruitful discussion about the climate-society nexus.
Research & information: general --- soil moisture–temperature coupling --- heatwaves --- multiple time scales --- correlation dimension method --- Geogdetector method --- interaction effect --- multi-scale --- climate change --- war --- imperial China --- Global Moran’s I --- Emerging Hot Spot Analysis --- plague --- direct and indirect effects --- Structural Equation Modelling --- drought --- regional interaction --- North China Famine of 1876–1879 --- human diet --- hierarchy --- bronze age --- carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios --- decision tree --- random forest --- precipitation prediction --- machine learning --- Yangtze River valley --- Yellow River valley --- rice cultivation --- millet cultivation --- precipitation --- Neolithic China --- n/a --- soil moisture-temperature coupling --- Global Moran's I --- North China Famine of 1876-1879
Choose an application
Nowadays, more and more people realize the importance of global sustainability. Also, there has been an increasing number of quantitative studies investigating the connection between climate change and human societies in academia. Given this background, the Atmosphere Special Issue “Climate Change, Climatic Extremes, and Human Societies in the Past” aimed to highlight the major aspects of the climate-society nexus in ancient and recent human history. There are eight papers based on quantitative approaches to illustrate different forms of climate-society nexus in ancient, historical, and contemporary periods. Regarding ancient periods, the interconnection among climate, agriculture, and human societies is focused. Regarding historical periods, the non-linear and complex relationship between climate change and the positive checks (wars, famines, and epidemics) in historical China and pre-industrial Europe is revealed. Regarding contemporary periods, the papers focus on weather-related phenomena that significantly affect human societies. The complexity of those phenomena is also highlighted. The associated findings can help human societies to mitigate the adverse impacts of weather extremes better. This special issue contributes to the field of quantitative analysis of the climate-society nexus, both theoretically and methodologically, which could facilitate a more fruitful discussion about the climate-society nexus.
soil moisture–temperature coupling --- heatwaves --- multiple time scales --- correlation dimension method --- Geogdetector method --- interaction effect --- multi-scale --- climate change --- war --- imperial China --- Global Moran’s I --- Emerging Hot Spot Analysis --- plague --- direct and indirect effects --- Structural Equation Modelling --- drought --- regional interaction --- North China Famine of 1876–1879 --- human diet --- hierarchy --- bronze age --- carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios --- decision tree --- random forest --- precipitation prediction --- machine learning --- Yangtze River valley --- Yellow River valley --- rice cultivation --- millet cultivation --- precipitation --- Neolithic China --- n/a --- soil moisture-temperature coupling --- Global Moran's I --- North China Famine of 1876-1879
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