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Income --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Income distribution --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- E-books --- Income distribution - Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Africa, Sub-Saharan - Economic conditions --- Africa, Sub-Saharan - Economic policy

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Poverty and inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) should not be ascertained only on the basis of scarce and unreliable income distribution statistics, but should also take into account social conditions. Recent, widely disseminated claims that poverty and inequality have increased over the past 30 years are based on regional income estimates with falling medians and rising upper variances over that period. Graphically, this translates into pyramid-shaped income distributions that, perversely, shift to the left and widen over time. However, during the same period social indicators improved significantly (if insufficiently), and we argue in this paper that such a trend represents progress with social equity in SSA. This point is illustrated through the configuration of alternative "social pyramids" that move for most of the last 30 years in the right direction. However, more recently, social indicators are being set back by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, which will generate greater and more dehumanizing poverty in the years ahead even if meaningful economic growth is achieved. As underscored by the multiplicity of "pyramid" representations, poverty and inequality time trends in SSA can thus best be described as disconcerting in that they remain arguably illusive and definitely disturbing.

Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Social conditions. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Equality -- Africa, Sub-Saharan. --- Income distribution -- Africa, Sub-Saharan. --- Poverty -- Africa, Sub-Saharan. --- Macroeconomics --- Diseases: AIDS and HIV --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Health Behavior --- Poverty & precarity --- HIV/AIDS --- Poverty --- Personal income --- Income inequality --- Income distribution --- HIV and AIDS --- Income --- HIV --- Viruses --- Nigeria --- Equality --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Social conditions. --- Hiv and AIDS --- Hiv --- Hiv/AIDS

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This paper reviews the evidence on how households in Sub-Saharan Africa segment along consumption, income and earning dimensions relevant for quantitative macroeconomic policy models which incorporate heterogeneity. Key findings include the importance of home-grown food in the income and consumption of house-holds well up the income distribution, the lack of formal financial inclusion for all but the richest households, and the importance of non-wage income. These stylized facts suggest that an externally-generated macroeconomic shock and the short-term policy response would mainly affect the behavior and welfare of these richer urban households, who are also more likely to have the means to cope. Middle class and poor households, especially in rural areas, should be insulated from these external shocks but vulnerable to a wide range of structural factors in the economy as well as idiosyncratic shocks.

Consumption (Economics) -- Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Econometric models. --- Equality -- Africa, Sub-Saharan. --- Income distribution -- Africa, Sub-Saharan. --- Labor supply -- Africa, Sub-Saharan. --- Wages -- Africa, Sub-Saharan. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labour --- income economics --- Income --- Personal income --- National accounts --- Economic theory --- Labor economics --- Ghana --- Income economics