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This paper describes and analyzes different financial schemes to promote lifelong learning. Considered are financial instruments to stimulate successful early learning, financial aid schemes and subsidization mechanisms. Theoretical analyses about funding of early learning have mainly focused on vouchers. Yet, the available empirical evidence is more ambiguous about the effects of vouchers than about the effects of conditional cash transfers and financial incentives for pupils and teachers. Positive effects of financial incentives to pupils are not restricted to high ability pupils, as low ability students also seem to benefit. The evidence regarding the effects of subsidy forms is limited. The most prominent knowledge gaps regarding the effects of various financing schemes related to lifelong learning are the effects of vouchers in compulsory education; financial aid schemes for students; and entitlements and individual learning accounts.

Access to Finance --- Education --- Education finance --- Education for All --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Expenditures --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Higher education --- Human Development --- Income contingent loans --- Knowledge economy --- Lifelong Learning --- Literature --- Papers --- Primary Education --- Teachers --- Tertiary Education

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Onderwijs 37 --- Financiering 658.147 --- Nederland (492) --- Education finacne --- Graduate taxes --- Income contingent loans --- Education subsidies --- Government expenditures on education --- H24 --- H52 --- H82 --- I22 --- I28 --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Governmental Property --- Educational Finance --- Education: Government Policy --- E-working papers