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Harberger’s superneutrality conjecture contends that, although in theory the mix of direct and indirect taxes affects investment and growth, in practice growth effects of taxation are negligible. This paper provides evidence in support of this view by testing the predictions of endogenous growth models driven by human capital accumulation. The theoretical analysis highlights implications of different taxes for growth and investment in these models. The empirical work is based on cross-country regressions and numerical simulations, using a new methodology for estimating aggregate effective tax rates. Results show significant investment effects from income and consumption taxes that are consistent with small growth effects. The results are robust to the introduction of other growth determinants.

Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Consumption taxes --- Fiscal Policy --- Human Capital --- Human capital --- Income and capital gains taxes --- Income economics --- Income tax systems --- Income tax --- Labor Productivity --- Labor --- Labour --- Occupational Choice --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Revenue administration --- Revenue --- Skills --- Spendings tax --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Taxes --- United States

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Six Latin American countries have levied taxes on withdrawals from bank accounts, which have been viewed as a convenient tax handle during a difficult fiscal period. The paper reviews the arguments for and against this type of taxation, describes the taxes, and surveys their revenue performance and economic impact. It concludes that the recently implemented taxes have been successful in raising revenue in the short term, but that adverse allocational impacts have likely been significant. The tax may work better in times of fiscal crisis, when financial intermediation is deep, and when the tax rate is modest.

Finance: General --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies: Other --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Bank levy --- Revenue administration --- Income and capital gains taxes --- Financial transaction tax --- Stock markets --- Taxes --- Financial markets --- Revenue --- Income tax --- Stock exchanges --- Brazil

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In the course of introducing a market-oriented tax system, most Central and Eastern European countries are actively considering the merits of a value-added tax (VAT). This paper examines a wide range of social, economic, structural, and administrative issues that are pertinent to the introduction of a VAT. These issues have regard to the burden distribution of the VAT, its effect on the price level and economic growth, as well as the coverage of the tax, the definition of the base, and the choice of the rate structure. Various legal and administrative aspects are also reviewed. The paper draws on the experience with value-added taxation of the member states of the European Community (EC) and other countries that belong to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Income and capital gains taxes --- Income tax systems --- Income tax --- Personal Finance -Taxation --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Sales tax --- Sales tax, tariffs & customs duties --- Spendings tax --- Tax allowances --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Taxes --- Value-added tax --- United Kingdom

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Most European economies in transition are engaged in public sector reform aimed mainly at replacing the previous fiscal system subordinated to the central plan with a system where fiscal instruments can make a distinct contribution to stabilization, equity, and efficiency. This paper examines past progress and future tasks in major reform areas: taxation, subsidies, social security, public investment, public enterprises, government debt, and intergovernmental relations. An overview of the fiscal reform process suggests that the contraction and restructuring of government operations are not likely to materialize soon and that there is a serious risk of widening fiscal imbalances during the transition.

Public Finance --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Macroeconomics --- Fiscal policy --- Revenue administration --- Income and capital gains taxes --- Income tax systems --- Expenditure --- Taxes --- Income tax --- Revenue --- Expenditures, Public --- Hungary

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This paper examines the role of tax administration in developing countries from an economic perspective. The traditional separation of tax policy and tax administration in the literature is shown to break down in developing countries, where tax administrators decide in what manner complicated tax legislation should actually be applied. After surveying economic literature dealing with tax administration, the paper offers guidelines on how tax administrators can help implement more efficient and equitable tax systems.

Income and capital gains taxes --- Income tax systems --- Income tax --- Personal Finance -Taxation --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Personal income tax --- Public finance & taxation --- Revenue administration --- Tax administration and procedure --- Tax administration core functions --- Tax Evasion and Avoidance --- Tax evasion --- Taxation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Taxes --- United States