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Manpower policy --- Minorities --- Occupational retraining --- Occupational training --- Employment --- Work Incentive Program (U.S.)

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This study evaluates the impacts of low-cost, performance-based incentives in Tanzanian secondary schools. Results from a two-phase randomized trial show that incentives for teachers led to modest average improvements in student achievement across different subjects. Further, withdrawing incentives did not lead to a "discouragement effect" (once incentives were withdrawn, student performance did not fall below pre-baseline levels). Rather, impacts on learning were sustained beyond the intervention period. However, these incentives may have exacerbated learning inequality within and across schools. Increases in learning were concentrated among initially better-performing schools and students. At the same time, learning outcomes may have decreased for schools and students that were lower performing at baseline. Finally, the study finds that incentivizing students without simultaneously incentivizing teachers did not produce observable learning gains.

Education --- Education For All --- Education Reform and Management --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Incentive Program --- Learning Outcomes --- Secondary Education --- Student Achievement --- Student Learning --- Teacher Incentives

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"Americans claim a strong attachment to the work ethic and regularly profess support for government policies to promote employment. Why, then, have employment policies gained only a tenuous foothold in the United States? To answer this question, Margaret Weir highlights two related elements: the power of ideas in policymaking and the politics of interest formation. Rather than seeing policy as a straightforward outcome of public preferences, she shows how ideas frame the problems and how interests form around possibilities created by the interplay of ideas and politics." "By examining Keynesian macroeconomic policy in the 1930s and 1940s, labor market policies in the 1960s and 1970s, and efforts to develop new planning mechanisms in the late 1970s, Weir shows how early decisions restricted the scope for later initiatives. As a result, policies in the 1960s emphasized racial differences and thus drew opposition for creating special interest measures for African-Americans. Highlighting the limited capacities of the American national state, employment policy also attracted charges of waste, fraud, and corruption. By the 1970s, antipathy to the federal government and racial antagonism dominated the politics in this field, and any ideas for new programs quickly became entangled with preexisting problems."--Jacket

Labour market --- United States --- Politique de plein emploi --- Création d'emplois (Programmes gouvernementaux) --- Création d'emplois (Programmes gouvernementaux) --- Full employment policies --- Manpower policy --- Public service employment --- Emploi --- Politique gouvernementale --- Public service employment. --- Manpower policy. --- Full employment policies. --- Marche du travail --- Plein emploi --- Creation d'emplois --- United States. --- États-Unis --- Politique sociale. --- Activism. --- Adam Przeworski. --- Adviser. --- Advocacy group. --- Affirmative action. --- Alvin Hansen. --- American Economic Association. --- Americans. --- Apprenticeship. --- Black capitalism. --- Bureaucracy. --- Civil Works Administration. --- Civil service. --- Congressional Quarterly. --- Council of Economic Advisers. --- Daniel Patrick Moynihan. --- Demand For Labor. --- Domestic policy. --- E. Wight Bakke. --- Economic Report of the President. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economic planning. --- Economic policy. --- Economic problem. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Employment agency. --- Employment. --- Equal opportunity. --- Executive agency. --- Fiscal policy. --- Foray. --- Full employment. --- Funding. --- Government spending. --- Government. --- Hostility. --- Human resources. --- Incentive program. --- Individualism. --- Institution. --- Jimmy Carter. --- Keynesian economics. --- Labour supply. --- Legislation. --- Lobbying. --- Lyndon B. Johnson. --- Macroeconomics. --- Milton Friedman. --- National Policy. --- Natural rate of unemployment. --- Obstacle. --- Office of Economic Opportunity. --- Office of Management and Budget. --- Policy Network. --- Policy. --- Political alliance. --- Political economy. --- Political party. --- Political science. --- Political strategy. --- Political system. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Private sector. --- Program evaluation. --- Public interest. --- Public opinion. --- Public philosophy. --- Public policy. --- Public sphere. --- Ray Marshall. --- Richard Cloward. --- Richard Nathan. --- Richard Nixon. --- Social movement. --- Social policy. --- Supply-side economics. --- Tax cut. --- Tax policy. --- Tax reform. --- Tax. --- Theda Skocpol. --- Trade union. --- Trade-off. --- Underclass. --- Unemployment benefits. --- Unemployment. --- United States Department of Labor. --- Urban Institute. --- Voting. --- Walter Heller. --- War on Poverty. --- Welfare state. --- Welfare. --- Work ethic. --- Workfare. --- Workforce. --- Works Progress Administration. --- World War II. --- Economic policy --- Employment stabilization --- Unemployment --- Employment policy --- Human resource development --- Labor market --- Labor market policy --- Manpower utilization --- Labor policy --- Labor supply --- Trade adjustment assistance --- Employment, Public service --- Work relief --- Economic assistance, Domestic --- Civil service --- Government policy --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- ZSA --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Америка (Republic) --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- САЩ --- Съединените щати --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- ولايات المتحدة --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- 미국 --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- Law and legislation --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- SUA --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- Amerik --- Америк --- Amerikiĭn Nėgdsėn Uls --- Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улс --- ANU --- АНУ --- Северо-Американские Штаты --- Северо-Американские Соединенные Штаты --- Сѣверо-Американскіе Соединенные Штаты --- Соединенные Штаты Америки --- Соединенные Штаты Северной Америки --- Соединенные Штаты Сѣверной Америки --- США --- ЗДА --- Зьєднані Держави Америки