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In the last decade, issues related to pollution from microplastics in all environmental compartments and the associated health and environmental risks have been the focus of intense social, media, and political attention worldwide. The assessment, quantification, and study of the degradation processes of plastic debris in the ecosystem and its interaction with biota have been and are still the focus of intense multidisciplinary research. Plastic particles in the range from 1 to 5 mm and those in the sub-micrometer range are commonly denoted as microplastics and nanoplastics, respectively. Microplastics (MPs) are being recognized as nearly ubiquitous pollutants in water bodies, but their actual concentration, distribution, and effects on natural waters, sediments, and biota are still largely unknown. Contamination by microplastics of agricultural soil and other environmental areas is also becoming a matter of concern. Sampling, separation, detection, characterization and evaluating the degradation pathways of micro- and nano-plastic pollutants dispersed in the environment is a challenging and critical goal to understand their distribution, fate, and the related hazards for ecosystems. Given the interest in this topic, this Special Issue, entitled “Microplastics Degradation and Characterization”, is concerned with the latest developments in the study of microplastics.

Mathematics & science --- Chemistry --- Quantum & theoretical chemistry --- PEEK --- SIRM --- damage mechanisms --- GISAXS --- irradiation --- micro and nanoplastics --- freshwater --- sludge --- optical detection --- portable devices --- in situ detection --- microplastics --- marine sediment --- pet --- nylon 6 --- nylon 6,6 --- reversed-phase HPLC --- polyolefin --- polystyrene --- Pyr-GC/MS --- polymer degradation --- microparticles --- PLA --- PBS --- enzymes --- specificity --- thermal profile --- activation energy --- wastewater --- Raman spectroscopy --- laser speckle pattern --- transmittance --- sedimentation --- HDPE --- microbeads --- photocatalysis --- scavengers --- C,N-TiO2 --- remediation --- nanotechnology --- plastic pollution --- visible light photodegradation --- microplastic --- ratiometric detection --- no-wash fluorescent probe --- imaging --- one-pot reaction --- water remediation --- nanoplastic --- artificial ageing --- polyolefins --- polyethylene terephthalate --- microplastic fiber --- washing textile --- drying textile --- polyester yarn types --- microplastic extraction --- oil extraction --- density separation --- GC–MS --- mass spectrometry identification --- plastic polymers --- polyethylene --- terrestrial --- soil --- polymers --- geotechnics --- landfills --- geosynthetics --- GCL --- clay liner --- hydraulic conductivity --- plastics --- anthropogenic activities --- quantification --- marine --- multi-parametric platform --- bioplastics --- marine environment --- spectroscopy --- resin pellets --- nanoplastics --- microplastic detection and identification --- microplastic quantification --- food packaging --- particle release --- plastic consumption --- ecotoxicity assessment --- size influence --- concentration influence --- microplastic pellets --- weathering --- degradation --- Yellowness Index --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- persistent organic pollutants --- oxidative digestion --- Fenton’s reagent --- virgin --- aged --- SEM --- FTIR --- PAHs --- surface water --- chemical composition --- Ho Chi Minh City --- cement mortars --- municipal incinerated bottom ash --- PET pellets --- hydrogel --- potassium and sodium polyacrylate --- swelling --- physicochemical changes in the water --- polymeric nanoparticles --- Portugal --- resin --- pharmaceutical --- PVC --- paint --- wastewater treatment plant --- South China Sea --- pollution --- Py-GC/MS --- fragmentation and degradation --- mechanism

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"What messages do animals send to each other using sound? How can we decipher them? What lessons might these messages offer for understanding the origins and workings of our own communication? Scientists who study bioacoustics try and answer these questions, using physiology, animal behavior, and evolutionary biology to understand how and why animals communicate via sound. In this book, Nicholas Mathevon offers readers an accessible overview of the field of bioacoustics, from the mechanisms of sound to its complex social function. Comprising short, accessible chapters, A Sound Journey explores how sound travels underwater, the act of hearing, and how animals use sounds inaudible to humans. Mathevon also shows how animals use sound to communicate in various circumstances, including parent-offspring relationships, conflict, expressions of emotion, and complex socialization. The study of acoustic communication enables a better understanding of the complexities of animal behavior, and the book uses examples from throughout the animal kingdom to illustrate how discoveries in bioacoustics have revealed various species' behaviors. In the final chapters, Mathevon explores animal "language" and the various philosophical and biological implications of this topic, both for various wild and domesticated species and for our understanding of how human communication systems developed"-- "Songs, barks, roars, hoots, squeals, and growls: exploring the mysteries of how animal communicate by sound. What is the meaning of a bird's song, a baboon's bark, an owl's hoot, a dolphin's clicks? In The Voices of Nature, Nicolas Mathevon explores the mysteries of animal sound. Putting readers in the middle of animal soundscapes that range from the steamy heat of the Amazon jungle to the icy terrain of the Arctic, Mathevon reveals the amazing variety of animal vocalizations. He describes how animals use sound to express emotion, to choose a mate, to trick others, to mark their territory, to call for help, and much more. What may seem like random chirps, squawks, and cries are actually signals that, like our human words, allow animals to carry on conversations with others. Mathevon explains how the science of bioacoustics works to decipher the ways animals make and hear sounds, what information is encoded in these sound signals, and what this information is used for in daily life. Drawing on these findings as well as observations in the wild, Mathevon describes, among many other things, how animals communicate with their offspring, how they exchange information despite ambient noise, how sound travels underwater, how birds and mammals learn to vocalize, and even how animals express emotion though sound. Finally, Mathevon asks if these vocalization, complex and expressive as they are, amount to language. For readers who have wondered about the meaning behind a robin's song or the cicadas' relentless "tchik-tchik-tchik," this book offers a listening guide for the endlessly varied concert of nature"--

Animal communication. --- Animal sounds. --- SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Zoology / Ethology (Animal Behavior) --- SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Neuroscience --- Animal language --- Animal communication --- Bioacoustics --- Nature sounds --- Animal biocommunication --- Biocommunication, Animal --- Language learning by animals --- Animal behavior --- Accuracy and precision. --- Acoustic wave. --- Amphibian. --- Anatomy. --- Animal language. --- Animal. --- Approximation. --- Atmospheric pressure. --- Bayes' theorem. --- Behavior. --- Biodiversity. --- Biologist. --- Bonobo. --- Botswana. --- Cartilage. --- Communication. --- Control theory. --- Coral reef. --- Data transmission. --- Dimension. --- Distress signal. --- Eardrum. --- Ecology. --- Ecosystem. --- Ecotype. --- Effectiveness. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Environmental noise. --- Ethology. --- Everyday life. --- Female. --- Formant. --- Fundamental frequency. --- Geology. --- Harmonic series (music). --- Human. --- Implementation. --- In the Water. --- Inner ear. --- Insect. --- Language. --- Larva. --- Larynx. --- Learning. --- Lightness (philosophy). --- Literature. --- Loudspeaker. --- Mammal. --- Marine mammal. --- Measurement. --- Methodology. --- Microphone. --- Modulation. --- Motor control. --- Musical instrument. --- Natural environment. --- Nature Communications. --- Nature reserve. --- Network science. --- Nikolaas Tinbergen. --- Obstacle. --- Phenotype. --- Platt scaling. --- Prediction. --- Probability. --- Recursive definition. --- Responsiveness. --- Result. --- Reverberation. --- Rodent. --- Sea. --- Sensory neuron. --- Sexual selection. --- Simulation. --- Singing. --- Social group. --- Social influence. --- Sound localization. --- Sound recording and reproduction. --- Sound. --- Soundscape. --- Species. --- Sperm whale. --- Spoken language. --- Termite. --- The Sound World. --- Transmitter. --- Uniform Resource Locator. --- Usage. --- User interface. --- Vegetation. --- Vertebrate. --- Vibration. --- Vocal folds. --- Vocal learning. --- Vocal tract. --- Voice frequency. --- Warbler. --- Wildlife. --- Zoology.