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When Crusader armies on their way to the Holy Land attacked Jewish communities in the Rhine Valley, many Jews chose suicide over death at the hands of Christian mobs. With their defiant deaths, the medieval Jewish martyr was born. With the literary commemoration of the victims, Jewish martyrology followed. Beautiful Death examines the evolution of a long-neglected corpus of Hebrew poetry, the laments reflecting the specific conditions of Jewish life in northern France. The poems offer insight into everyday life and into the ways medieval French Jews responded to persecution. They also suggest that poetry was used to encourage resistance to intensifying pressures to convert. The educated Jewish elite in northern France was highly acculturated. Their poetry--particularly that emerging from the innovative Tosafist schools--reflects their engagement with the vernacular renaissance unfolding around them, as well as conscious and unconscious absorption of Christian popular beliefs and hagiographical conventions. At the same time, their extraordinary poems signal an increasingly harsh repudiation of Christianity's sacred symbols and beliefs. They reveal a complex relationship to Christian culture as Jews internalized elements of medieval culture even while expressing a powerful revulsion against the forms and beliefs of Christian life. This gracefully written study crosses traditional boundaries of history and literature and of Jewish and general medieval scholarship. Focusing on specific incidents of persecution and the literary commemorations they produced, it offers unique insights into the historical conditions in which these poems were written and performed.

Jews --- Judaism --- Martyrdom --- Martyrdom in literature. --- Hebrew literature, Medieval --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Religions --- Martyrdom (Judaism) --- Persecutions --- History --- Judaism. --- History and criticism. --- Religion --- Abraham ibn Ezra. --- Allusion. --- Apostasy. --- Ashkenaz. --- Blood libel. --- Book burning. --- Book of Ezekiel. --- Books of Kings. --- Christian literature. --- Christianity. --- Conversion to Christianity. --- Conversion to Judaism. --- Crusades. --- Defection. --- Desecration. --- Desperation (novel). --- Elohim. --- Emeritus. --- Exegesis. --- Ezekiel. --- First Crusade. --- Gershom. --- God. --- Hagigah. --- Hagiography. --- Halevi. --- Harassment. --- Hazzan. --- Hebrew Bible. --- Hebrew language. --- Heresy. --- High Middle Ages. --- Historian. --- Host desecration. --- Humiliation. --- Illustration. --- In Death. --- Incorruptibility. --- Israelites. --- Jewish identity. --- Jewish studies. --- Jews. --- Kohen. --- Lament. --- Lamentations Rabbah. --- Laments (Kochanowski). --- Libation. --- Literature. --- Maimonides. --- Martyr. --- Martyrology. --- Medieval Hebrew. --- Meir of Rothenburg. --- Middle Ages. --- Mishnah. --- Nahmanides. --- Names of God in Judaism. --- Narrative. --- Old French. --- Penitential. --- Persecution. --- Piyyut. --- Poetry. --- Polemic. --- Princeton University. --- Prose. --- Psalms. --- Pyre. --- Quatrain. --- Rabbi. --- Rabbinic literature. --- Rashbam. --- Rashi. --- Relic. --- Religious text. --- Responsa. --- Righteousness. --- Second Crusade. --- Sefer (Hebrew). --- Sefer Hasidim. --- Simhah. --- Soloveitchik. --- Stanza. --- Suffering. --- Suggestion. --- Talmud. --- Tefillin. --- Ten Martyrs. --- The Other Hand. --- The Song of Roland. --- Torah scroll. --- Torah. --- Treatise. --- Troyes. --- V. --- Writer. --- Writing. --- Yechiel of Paris. --- Yom Tov of Joigny.

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An engaging and illuminating exploration of grief--and why, despite its intense pain, it can also help us grow. Experiencing grief at the death of a person we love or who matters to us--as universal as it is painful--is central to the human condition. Surprisingly, however, philosophers have rarely examined grief in any depth. In Grief, Michael Cholbi presents a groundbreaking philosophical exploration of this complex emotional event, offering valuable new insights about what grief is, whom we grieve, and how grief can ultimately lead us to a richer self-understanding and a fuller realization of our humanity. Drawing on psychology, social science, and literature as well as philosophy, Cholbi explains that we grieve for the loss of those in whom our identities are invested, including people we don't know personally but cherish anyway, such as public figures. Their deaths not only deprive us of worthwhile experiences; they also disrupt our commitments and values. Yet grief is something we should embrace rather than avoid, an important part of a good and meaningful life. The key to understanding this paradox, Cholbi says, is that grief offers us a unique and powerful opportunity to grow in self-knowledge by fashioning a new identity. Although grief can be tumultuous and disorienting, it also reflects our distinctly human capacity to rationally adapt as the relationships we depend on evolve. An original account of how grieving works and why it is so important, Grief shows how the pain of this experience gives us a chance to deepen our relationships with others and ourselves. --

Grief --- Mourning --- Sorrow --- Bereavement --- Emotions --- Loss (Psychology) --- Philosophy. --- Acculturation. --- Addiction. --- Adult. --- Apathy. --- Biology. --- British literature. --- Business partner. --- Christianity. --- Clothing. --- Coincidence. --- Compatible Partners. --- Consideration. --- Conspicuous consumption. --- Cosmetics. --- David Bowie. --- Decision-making. --- Depiction. --- Desertion. --- Deviance (sociology). --- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. --- Disability. --- Distraction (game show). --- Dual process theory (moral psychology). --- Dwelling. --- Embarrassment. --- Existence. --- Expecting (Angel). --- Flourishing. --- Furniture. --- Good and evil. --- Grave. --- Grief counseling. --- Grief. --- Half-truth. --- Health. --- Hinge. --- Human behavior. --- Humility. --- Imprisonment. --- In Death. --- Indulgence. --- Institution. --- Instrumental value. --- Interaction. --- John Rawls. --- Joy Davidman. --- Juncture. --- Just society. --- Limbic system. --- Medical classification. --- Medical diagnosis. --- Mental breakdown. --- Mental health professional. --- Mental health. --- Michel Foucault. --- Morality. --- Mourner. --- Mourning. --- Narrative. --- Negative affectivity. --- Obstacle. --- Odor. --- Organic unity. --- Our Choice. --- Oxymoron. --- Pathology. --- Payment. --- Person A. --- Person. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophy of artificial intelligence. --- Prediction. --- Predictive analytics. --- Promiscuity. --- Psychology. --- Quantity. --- Republic (Plato). --- Requirement. --- Resentment. --- Role. --- Sanity. --- Scrutiny (journal). --- Self-help. --- Self-interest. --- Self-love. --- Sibling. --- Single parent. --- Social skills. --- Space exploration. --- Suggestion. --- Technology. --- The Chronicles of Narnia. --- The Screwtape Letters. --- Theory of mind. --- Thomas Szasz. --- Time. --- Trait theory. --- Uncertainty. --- Understanding. --- Zhuangzi (book).

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A cultural history of the face in Western art, ranging from portraiture in painting and photography to film, theater, and mass mediaThis fascinating book presents the first cultural history and anthropology of the face across centuries, continents, and media. Ranging from funerary masks and masks in drama to the figural work of contemporary artists including Cindy Sherman and Nam June Paik, renowned art historian Hans Belting emphasizes that while the face plays a critical role in human communication, it defies attempts at visual representation.Belting divides his book into three parts: faces as masks of the self, portraiture as a constantly evolving mask in Western culture, and the fate of the face in the age of mass media. Referencing a vast array of sources, Belting's insights draw on art history, philosophy, theories of visual culture, and cognitive science. He demonstrates that Western efforts to portray the face have repeatedly failed, even with the developments of new media such as photography and film, which promise ever-greater degrees of verisimilitude. In spite of sitting at the heart of human expression, the face resists possession, and creative endeavors to capture it inevitably result in masks—hollow signifiers of the humanity they're meant to embody.From creations by Van Eyck and August Sander to works by Francis Bacon, Ingmar Bergman, and Chuck Close, Face and Mask takes a remarkable look at how, through the centuries, the physical visage has inspired and evaded artistic interpretation.

Facial expression in art. --- Facial expression. --- A Thousand Plateaus. --- Aby Warburg. --- Act of Violence. --- Alfred Stieglitz. --- Allegory. --- Ambiguity. --- Analogy. --- Andy Warhol. --- Anecdote. --- Anonymity. --- Anthropomorphism. --- Antonello da Messina. --- Arnulf Rainer. --- Bembo. --- Caput mortuum. --- Caravaggio. --- Cemetery. --- Christian Boltanski. --- Chuck Close. --- Cindy Sherman. --- Court painter. --- Creation myth. --- Cultural history. --- Death mask. --- Dictatorship. --- Distrust. --- Domenico Fetti. --- Edgar Allan Poe. --- Euripides. --- Facial expression. --- Facsimile. --- Family resemblance. --- Film theory. --- Fine art. --- Fine-art photography. --- First appearance. --- Francis Bacon (artist). --- Gertrude Stein. --- Giambattista della Porta. --- Giorgio Vasari. --- Good and evil. --- Hans Belting. --- Hans Memling. --- Homo duplex. --- Idealization. --- Illustration. --- In Death. --- Inception. --- Indication (medicine). --- Jacques Le Goff. --- Jan van Eyck. --- Judith Butler. --- Lucas Cranach the Elder. --- Ludwig Binswanger. --- Male privilege. --- Man Ray. --- Marcel Duchamp. --- Marilyn Monroe. --- Mask. --- Mathew Brady. --- Mirror writing. --- Modern sculpture. --- Modernity. --- Mummy. --- Museum. --- Obsolescence. --- Oil sketch. --- On the Eve. --- Oppression. --- Pablo Picasso. --- Paradigm shift. --- Paul Klee. --- Photography. --- Phrenology. --- Physiognomy. --- Plaster cast. --- Pop art. --- Primitivism. --- Printing. --- Psychoanalysis. --- Quintilian. --- Roland Barthes. --- Romanticism. --- Sebastiano del Piombo. --- Slavery. --- Sophistication. --- Stephen Greenblatt. --- Surrealism. --- Symbolic power. --- Tattoo. --- The Human Face. --- The Loved One. --- The Other Hand. --- The Philosopher. --- The Praise of Folly. --- Verism. --- Wallpaper. --- Walter Benjamin. --- William Hogarth. --- Yves Klein.