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Dissertation
Imperatives and request strategies: a corpus-based study of British business letters
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Year: 2013 Publisher: Gent : s.n.,

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Abstract

Die worden formeel gerealiseerd op zes manieren: als conditionelen, declaratieven, imperatieve conditionelen, interrogatieve conditionelen, imperatieven en interrogatieven. De meeste verzoeken komen voor als declaratief. We merken op dat in alle formele categorieën modaliteiten zoals 'would', 'can' en 'could' vrij frequent gebruikt worden. Bovendien worden ook hier vrij veel verzoeken gemodificeerd met 'please'. Uit de data blijkt eveneens dat verzoeken uitgedrukt worden op een 'veilige' en beleefde manier met als gevolg dat de geadresseerde zich niet bedreigd voelt en meer vrijheid heeft.Uit de vergelijking met de Hong Kong data blijken enkele verschillen op te duiken. Vooral de hogere frequentie van imperatieven is daarbij frappant gebleken, hoewel ook rekening moet gehouden worden met specifieke contexten. Veralgemeningen moeten met enige voorzichtigheid gemaakt worden: verschillen kunnen het resultaat zijn van verschillende strategieën in beide variëteiten, maar ook de samenstelling van de twee corpora en de soorten brieven kunnen een invloed gehad hebben op het aantal en de soort directieven. Doelstellingen: Deze masterproef onderzoekt directieve strategieën in Britse zakenbrieven. Op basis van een corpusonderzoek wordt nagegaan hoe vaak directieven voorkomen in een zakelijke context en op welke manier ze gerealiseerd worden. Hierbij wordt gefocust op imperatieve constructies en verzoeken (requests). Bij het onderzoek van de realisaties van verzoekstrategieën en imperatieven wordt ook aandacht besteed aan kenmerken die erin voorkomen. Ten slotte worden de resultaten van de Britse zakenbrieven vergeleken met die van het onderzoek van Annelies Desloover, die zakenbrieven in Hong Kong Engels onderzocht. Middelen of methode: Het ICE-GB corpus is de basis voor de Britse directieven die in het onderzoek gebruikt worden. Resultaten: De resultaten kunnen opgedeeld worden in bevindingen omtrent het gebruik van de imperatief enerzijds en die van requests anderzijds. Uit de kwantitatieve analyse blijkt dat imperatieven niet heel erg frequent voorkomen in de data t.o.v. andere formele realisaties (ongeveer 17%). Bovendien wordt de imperatief in meer dan 3/4 van de gevallen gemodificeerd met 'please' en vinden we de constructie in de helft van de gevallen binnen een conditionele if-structuur. Verder valt op dat in bijna de helft van de gevallen de imperatief dienst doet als afsluitende (beleefdheids)formule. De data tonen op die manier niet alleen aan dat imperatieven niet erg frequent voorkomen, bovendien komen ze ook voor in een 'veilige' context waarbij weinig gezichtsverlies geleden kan worden.Uit de studie van verzoeken blijkt dat iets meer dan 1/3 van de directieven in het corpus verzoeken zijn.


Multi
A Pragmatic Logic for Commands.
Author:
ISBN: 902722501X 9786613359834 1283359839 9027281106 9789027281104 9789027225016 9781283359832 6613359831 Year: 1980 Volume: 3 Publisher: Amsterdam/Philadelphia John Benjamins Publishing Company

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The purpose of this essay is to both discuss commands as a species of speech act and to discuss commands within the broader framework of how they are used and reacted to.


Book
Ernst Albrechts Politisches Erbe : Wie Niedersachsen Bis Heute Von der Wahl des Ministerpraesidenten 1976 Gepraegt Wird.
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ISBN: 3631852797 3631852800 Year: 2021 Publisher: Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften,

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Die Abhandlung versucht, die spektakuläre Wahl Albrechts zum niedersächsischen Ministerpräsidenten 1976 zu beschreiben und unter politischen, sozialwissenschaftlichen und psychologischen Gesichtspunkten einzuordnen. Die bis heute andauernden Folgen dieser Wahl werden anhand vieler Zeitzeugengespräche und Einblicke in Akten beleuchtet.


Book
Matching services to markets : the role of the human sensorium in shaping service-intensive markets
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ISBN: 163157308X Year: 2016 Publisher: New York, New York (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : Business Expert Press,

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Every creature builds its niche in engagement with its environment. Such engagements, repeated over time, invariably result in stable exchanges supporting a particular species. Every species maintains its exchanges using its unique sensorium, its own aggregated set of sensory channels it uses to see and frame the world around it. Our sensorium dictates the unique way we discover our worlds. It determines the reach, the range, the limits, the apprehended spectra, the blind spots, and the sutures among the sensory channels by which we gain inbound impressions of our wider environs. As well, our sensorium conditions how we think, judge, and how we launch outbound action, as we build our very human exchanges into societies. It engraves and projects itself on both the learnings and initiatives we deploy to impose meaning and intent onto our wider human world. It determines our structures, our processes and the materiel we use to build out our socially networked exchanges. In the economic realm, these exchanges, structured uniquely by our very human sensorium, become formalized as Markets. Understanding our sensorium, seeing its projective power, its emergent properties, and its corresponding fault lines and tectonic zones as it governs and even dictates our social structures, can greatly clarify our understanding of market architecture itself: structure, process, and materiel. With these deep landmarks mapped out, we can catalyze great progress in further consolidating a robust Science of Service and Service Innovation. Spurring that on is the dominant intent and exploration of this book.


Book
Plague and public health in early modern Seville
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ISSN: 15262715 ISBN: 9781580464512 9781580468015 Year: 2013 Volume: v. 26 Publisher: Suffolk Boydell & Brewer

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Plague and Public Health in Early Modern Seville offers a reassessment of the impact of plague in the early modern era, presenting sixteenth-century Seville as a case study of how municipal officials and residents worked together to create a public health response to epidemics that protected both individual and communal interests. It argues in particular for a redefinition of what "public health" meant in the early modern era, noting the efforts of city officials to protect both individual health and communal welfare as they negotiated a series of balances: between individual and communal needs, between public health and economic needs, between municipal and royal interests. Based on extensive primary sources held in the municipal archive of Seville, the work argues that a careful reading of the records shows a critical difference between how plague regulations were written and how they were enforced, a difference that reflects an unacknowledged process of negotiation aimed at preserving balance within the community. The book makes an important contribution to the scholarly history of epidemics, and in particular to the study of the impact of plague in Spain, which until now has received scant attention from historians. Kristy Wilson Bowers received her PhD from Indiana University and teaches in the History Department at Northern Illinois University.


Book
Literary and visual Ralegh
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ISBN: 1526111470 9781526111470 9781526111463 1526111462 9780719087714 9781526106957 Year: 2013 Publisher: Manchester

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This collection of essays covers a wide range of topics about Ralegh's diversified career and achievements. The essays shed light on less familiar facets such as Ralegh as a father and his representation in the Arts; others re-examine him as poet, historian, and figure of controversy.


Book
Contemporary Hispanic cinema : interrogating the transnational in Spanish and Latin American film
Author:
ISBN: 1782041303 1855662612 Year: 2013 Publisher: Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK ; Rochester, NY : Tamesis,

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This book focuses on the cross-currents and points of contact in film production among so-called Hispanic countries (Spain, Portugal and Latin America), and in particular the impact that co-production and supranational funding initiatives are having on both the film industries and the films of Latin America in the twenty-first century. Together with chapters that discuss and further develop transnational approaches to reading films in the Hispanic and Latin American context, the volume includes chapters that focus on funding initiatives, such as IBERMEDIA, that are aimed at Spain, Portugal and Latin America. An analysis of such initiatives facilitates a nuanced discussion of the range of meanings afforded to the term transnationalism: from the workings of those driven by economic imperatives, such as co-productions and 'Hispanic' film festivals, to the cultural, for example the invention of a marketable 'Latinamericaness' in Spain, or a 'Hispanic aesthetic' elsewhere. Stephanie Dennison is Reader in Brazilian Studies at the University of Leeds


Book
Late-Georgian churches : Anglican architecture, patronage and churchgoing in England, 1790-1840
Authors: ---
ISBN: 1739822919 1739822900 Year: 2023 Publisher: London : John Hudson Publishing,

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This study investigates how the Anglican church responded to population growth and the need for more accommodation, with the building of 1500 new churches, many of the finest quality.


Book
White chief, black lords : Shepstone and the colonial state in Natal, South Africa, 1845-1878
Author:
ISBN: 1282707043 9786612707049 1580467067 158046341X Year: 2010 Publisher: Rochester, NY : University of Rochester Press,

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White Chief, Black Lords explores the tensions and contradictions between the British colonial civilizing mission and the practice of indirect rule. While the colonial imperative was to transform colonized societies and bring them within "civilized" norms, fiscal limitations frequently resulted in ruling through indigenous authorities and customs. In this book, Thomas McClendon analyzes this deep contradiction by looking at several crises and key turning points in the early decades of colonial rule in the British colony of Natal, later part of South Africa. He focuses a keen eye on the tenure of Theophilus Shepstone as that colony's Secretary for Native affairs, examining his interactions with subject African communities.
In a series of case studies, including high drama over rebellions by African "chiefs" and their followers and intense debates over the control of witchcraft, White Chief, Black Lords shows that these colonial imperatives led to a self-defeating conundrum. In the process of attempting to rule through African leaders and norms yet to discipline and transform African subjects, the colonial state inevitably was itself transformed and became, in part, an African state. McClendon concludes by spotlighting the continuing importance of these unresolved contradictions in post-apartheid South Africa.

Thomas McClendon is Professor of History at Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas.

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