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Die worden formeel gerealiseerd op zes manieren: als conditionelen, declaratieven, imperatieve conditionelen, interrogatieve conditionelen, imperatieven en interrogatieven. De meeste verzoeken komen voor als declaratief. We merken op dat in alle formele categorieën modaliteiten zoals 'would', 'can' en 'could' vrij frequent gebruikt worden. Bovendien worden ook hier vrij veel verzoeken gemodificeerd met 'please'. Uit de data blijkt eveneens dat verzoeken uitgedrukt worden op een 'veilige' en beleefde manier met als gevolg dat de geadresseerde zich niet bedreigd voelt en meer vrijheid heeft.Uit de vergelijking met de Hong Kong data blijken enkele verschillen op te duiken. Vooral de hogere frequentie van imperatieven is daarbij frappant gebleken, hoewel ook rekening moet gehouden worden met specifieke contexten. Veralgemeningen moeten met enige voorzichtigheid gemaakt worden: verschillen kunnen het resultaat zijn van verschillende strategieën in beide variëteiten, maar ook de samenstelling van de twee corpora en de soorten brieven kunnen een invloed gehad hebben op het aantal en de soort directieven. Doelstellingen: Deze masterproef onderzoekt directieve strategieën in Britse zakenbrieven. Op basis van een corpusonderzoek wordt nagegaan hoe vaak directieven voorkomen in een zakelijke context en op welke manier ze gerealiseerd worden. Hierbij wordt gefocust op imperatieve constructies en verzoeken (requests). Bij het onderzoek van de realisaties van verzoekstrategieën en imperatieven wordt ook aandacht besteed aan kenmerken die erin voorkomen. Ten slotte worden de resultaten van de Britse zakenbrieven vergeleken met die van het onderzoek van Annelies Desloover, die zakenbrieven in Hong Kong Engels onderzocht. Middelen of methode: Het ICE-GB corpus is de basis voor de Britse directieven die in het onderzoek gebruikt worden. Resultaten: De resultaten kunnen opgedeeld worden in bevindingen omtrent het gebruik van de imperatief enerzijds en die van requests anderzijds. Uit de kwantitatieve analyse blijkt dat imperatieven niet heel erg frequent voorkomen in de data t.o.v. andere formele realisaties (ongeveer 17%). Bovendien wordt de imperatief in meer dan 3/4 van de gevallen gemodificeerd met 'please' en vinden we de constructie in de helft van de gevallen binnen een conditionele if-structuur. Verder valt op dat in bijna de helft van de gevallen de imperatief dienst doet als afsluitende (beleefdheids)formule. De data tonen op die manier niet alleen aan dat imperatieven niet erg frequent voorkomen, bovendien komen ze ook voor in een 'veilige' context waarbij weinig gezichtsverlies geleden kan worden.Uit de studie van verzoeken blijkt dat iets meer dan 1/3 van de directieven in het corpus verzoeken zijn.
British English. --- Business letters. --- Cross-linguistic differences. --- H380-vergelijkende-linguïstiek. --- H570-engelse-taal-en-letterkunde. --- Imperatives. --- Modals. --- Politeness. --- Requests. --- Studie in de meertalige communicatie.
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The purpose of this essay is to both discuss commands as a species of speech act and to discuss commands within the broader framework of how they are used and reacted to.
Commands (Logic). --- Pragmatics. --- English language --- Pragmatics --- Commands (Logic) --- 801.56 --- 801.56 Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Imperatives (Logic) --- Logic --- Impératifs (Logique) --- Pragmatique --- Pragmalinguistics --- General semantics --- Language and languages --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Semantics (Philosophy) --- Philosophy
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Die Abhandlung versucht, die spektakuläre Wahl Albrechts zum niedersächsischen Ministerpräsidenten 1976 zu beschreiben und unter politischen, sozialwissenschaftlichen und psychologischen Gesichtspunkten einzuordnen. Die bis heute andauernden Folgen dieser Wahl werden anhand vieler Zeitzeugengespräche und Einblicke in Akten beleuchtet.
1976 --- Albrechts --- Alfred Kubel --- Erbe --- Ernst --- Ernst Albrecht --- Generationskampf SPD --- geprägt --- Helmut Kasimier --- heute --- Imperatives Mandat --- Karl Ravens --- Klaus --- Ministerpräsidenten --- Ministerpräsidentenwahlen Landtag --- Niedersachsen --- Parteidisziplin Abweichung --- Peter von Oertzen --- politisches --- Stasi-Einfluss --- Wahl --- Wallbaum --- Wilfried Hasselmann
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Every creature builds its niche in engagement with its environment. Such engagements, repeated over time, invariably result in stable exchanges supporting a particular species. Every species maintains its exchanges using its unique sensorium, its own aggregated set of sensory channels it uses to see and frame the world around it. Our sensorium dictates the unique way we discover our worlds. It determines the reach, the range, the limits, the apprehended spectra, the blind spots, and the sutures among the sensory channels by which we gain inbound impressions of our wider environs. As well, our sensorium conditions how we think, judge, and how we launch outbound action, as we build our very human exchanges into societies. It engraves and projects itself on both the learnings and initiatives we deploy to impose meaning and intent onto our wider human world. It determines our structures, our processes and the materiel we use to build out our socially networked exchanges. In the economic realm, these exchanges, structured uniquely by our very human sensorium, become formalized as Markets. Understanding our sensorium, seeing its projective power, its emergent properties, and its corresponding fault lines and tectonic zones as it governs and even dictates our social structures, can greatly clarify our understanding of market architecture itself: structure, process, and materiel. With these deep landmarks mapped out, we can catalyze great progress in further consolidating a robust Science of Service and Service Innovation. Spurring that on is the dominant intent and exploration of this book.
Markets. --- Service industries. --- Abram Maslow --- Binaural Hearing --- Breakthrough --- Commodity --- CONTROL --- Couplets of Elemental Value --- DELIVERY --- Efficiency --- Foveal Vision --- Institutional imperatives --- Intent-Driven "Cockpit" --- Parafovea (Parafoveal Belt) --- Peripheral Vision --- Planning --- Punctuated Spectrum --- Sensorium --- STRATEGY --- Value Co-Creation
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Plague and Public Health in Early Modern Seville offers a reassessment of the impact of plague in the early modern era, presenting sixteenth-century Seville as a case study of how municipal officials and residents worked together to create a public health response to epidemics that protected both individual and communal interests. It argues in particular for a redefinition of what "public health" meant in the early modern era, noting the efforts of city officials to protect both individual health and communal welfare as they negotiated a series of balances: between individual and communal needs, between public health and economic needs, between municipal and royal interests. Based on extensive primary sources held in the municipal archive of Seville, the work argues that a careful reading of the records shows a critical difference between how plague regulations were written and how they were enforced, a difference that reflects an unacknowledged process of negotiation aimed at preserving balance within the community. The book makes an important contribution to the scholarly history of epidemics, and in particular to the study of the impact of plague in Spain, which until now has received scant attention from historians. Kristy Wilson Bowers received her PhD from Indiana University and teaches in the History Department at Northern Illinois University.
Medicine, Medieval --- Plague --- Bubonic plague --- Yersinia infections --- Medieval medicine --- Prevention --- History --- Prevention. --- City Governance. --- Community Interests. --- Early Modern City. --- Early Modern Seville. --- Economic Disruption. --- Economic Imperatives. --- Epidemics. --- Historiography. --- Individual Interests. --- Kristy Wilson Bowers. --- Municipal Officials. --- Negotiation. --- Plague. --- Public Health. --- South Sea Company.
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English language --- Grammar --- Semantics (Philosophy) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Commands (Logic) --- Imperative --- -Semantics (Philosophy) --- Intension (Philosophy) --- Logical semantics --- Semantics (Logic) --- Semeiotics --- Significs --- Syntactics --- Unified science --- Language and languages --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Logical positivism --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philosophy, Modern --- Semiotics --- Signs and symbols --- Symbolism --- Analysis (Philosophy) --- Definition (Philosophy) --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Imperatives (Logic) --- Logic --- Grammar, Comparative --- Imperative (Grammar) --- Jussive (Grammar) --- Mood --- Verb --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Imperative
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This collection of essays covers a wide range of topics about Ralegh's diversified career and achievements. The essays shed light on less familiar facets such as Ralegh as a father and his representation in the Arts; others re-examine him as poet, historian, and figure of controversy.
Raleigh, Walter, --- Spenser, Edmund, --- Immerito, --- Spencer, Edmund, --- Spenser, Edmond, --- R., W. --- Ralegh, Walter, --- Raleĭ, Uolter, --- Rauleigh, Walter, --- Rawleigh, Walter, --- Rawley, Walter, --- W. R. --- Friends and associates. --- Literature --- Literary Studies: C 1500 To C 1800 --- LITERARY CRITICISM / Renaissance --- Literary studies: c 1400 to c 1600 --- Cynthia holograph. --- Edmund Spenser. --- Elizabeth's reign. --- Ireland. --- Sir Walter Raleigh's poem. --- The Nymph's Reply. --- disputed authorship. --- literary legacy. --- mutability. --- patrilineal imperatives. --- sovereignty.
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This book focuses on the cross-currents and points of contact in film production among so-called Hispanic countries (Spain, Portugal and Latin America), and in particular the impact that co-production and supranational funding initiatives are having on both the film industries and the films of Latin America in the twenty-first century. Together with chapters that discuss and further develop transnational approaches to reading films in the Hispanic and Latin American context, the volume includes chapters that focus on funding initiatives, such as IBERMEDIA, that are aimed at Spain, Portugal and Latin America. An analysis of such initiatives facilitates a nuanced discussion of the range of meanings afforded to the term transnationalism: from the workings of those driven by economic imperatives, such as co-productions and 'Hispanic' film festivals, to the cultural, for example the invention of a marketable 'Latinamericaness' in Spain, or a 'Hispanic aesthetic' elsewhere. Stephanie Dennison is Reader in Brazilian Studies at the University of Leeds
Motion pictures and transnationalism --- Motion picture industry --- Motion pictures --- Film industry (Motion pictures) --- Moving-picture industry --- Cultural industries --- Transnationalism and motion pictures --- Transnationalism --- History and criticism --- History --- Cinema --- Feature films --- Films --- Movies --- Moving-pictures --- Audio-visual materials --- Mass media --- Performing arts --- Co-production. --- Contemporary Hispanic Cinema. --- Cultural. --- Economic Imperatives. --- Film Industries. --- Film Production. --- Hispanic Aesthetic. --- IBERMEDIA. --- Latin American Film. --- Marketable 'Latinamericaness'. --- Spanish. --- Stephanie Dennison. --- Supranational Funding. --- Transnational.
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This study investigates how the Anglican church responded to population growth and the need for more accommodation, with the building of 1500 new churches, many of the finest quality.
Anglican church buildings --- Patronage, Ecclesiastical --- Church attendance --- History --- Church of England --- Attendance, Church --- Church-going --- Church membership --- Public worship --- Ecclesiastical patronage --- Benefices, Ecclesiastical --- Church and state --- Church polity --- Church property --- Clergy --- Churches, Anglican --- Episcopal church buildings --- Protestant Episcopal church buildings --- Church buildings --- Anglican Church --- Anglikanskai︠a︡ t︠s︡erkovʹ --- Ecclesia Anglicana --- Kirche von England --- United Church of England and Ireland --- Accommodation. --- Anglican church. --- Architects. --- Architectural quality. --- Architecture. --- Churchgoing. --- Ecclesiological zeal. --- Late-Georgian church-building. --- Liturgical imperatives. --- Patronage.
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White Chief, Black Lords explores the tensions and contradictions between the British colonial civilizing mission and the practice of indirect rule. While the colonial imperative was to transform colonized societies and bring them within "civilized" norms, fiscal limitations frequently resulted in ruling through indigenous authorities and customs. In this book, Thomas McClendon analyzes this deep contradiction by looking at several crises and key turning points in the early decades of colonial rule in the British colony of Natal, later part of South Africa. He focuses a keen eye on the tenure of Theophilus Shepstone as that colony's Secretary for Native affairs, examining his interactions with subject African communities.
In a series of case studies, including high drama over rebellions by African "chiefs" and their followers and intense debates over the control of witchcraft, White Chief, Black Lords shows that these colonial imperatives led to a self-defeating conundrum. In the process of attempting to rule through African leaders and norms yet to discipline and transform African subjects, the colonial state inevitably was itself transformed and became, in part, an African state. McClendon concludes by spotlighting the continuing importance of these unresolved contradictions in post-apartheid South Africa.
Thomas McClendon is Professor of History at Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas.
Colonies --- Anti-colonialism --- Colonial affairs --- Colonialism --- Neocolonialism --- Imperialism --- Non-self-governing territories --- Colonization --- History. --- Shepstone, Theophilus, --- KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) --- Province of KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) --- KwaZulu-Natal Province (South Africa) --- Natal (South Africa) --- Kwazulu (South Africa) --- History --- Politics and government --- Great Britain --- Administration. --- Kolonialismus. --- Colonial administrators. --- British colonies. --- Colonial administrators --- Civil service, Colonial --- Government executives --- Colonial administration --- Public administration --- Shepstone, Theophilus. --- Natal (Südafrika) --- South Africa --- South Africa. --- Africa. --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Africa, South --- African "chiefs". --- African communities. --- British colonial civilizing mission. --- Colonial Natal. --- Theophilus Shepstone. --- colonial imperatives. --- indirect rule. --- post-apartheid South Africa. --- witchcraft.
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