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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
technology --- megafauna --- conservation --- wildlife --- human impacts
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This study examines the medium-term effects of a two-year cash transfer program targeted to adolescent girls and young women. Significant declines in HIV prevalence, teen pregnancy, and early marriage among recipients of unconditional cash transfers (UCTs) during the program evaporated quickly two years after the cessation of transfers. However, children born to UCT beneficiaries during the program had significantly higher height-for-age z-scores at follow-up. On the other hand, conditional cash transfers (CCTs) offered to out-of-school females at baseline produced a large increase in educational attainment and a sustained reduction in the total number of births, but caused no gains in health, labor market outcomes, or empowerment. The findings point to both the promise and the limitations of cash transfer programs for sustained gains in welfare among young women.
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La préoccupation écologique concernant les questions énergétiques est croissante, de manière constante et ce, à plusieurs niveaux. Ces questions écologiques ont un impact sur le budget de l'Union Européenne jusqu'au citoyen. Le sujet est vaste et nous l’approchons sous un angle précis tout au long de ce mémoire, à travers un questionnement autour de l’impact de la performance énergétique des bâtiments sur le prix des biens immobiliers. Ce sujet est traité via des interviews de professionnels. En décortiquant les éléments apportés par les répondants, les points convergents et les points divergents sont relevés, ce mémoire met en lumière quelques aspects de l'impact de la PEB sur l'évaluation immobilière.
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Pollution --- Environmental engineering --- Environment --- Milieutechniek. --- Environmental Impact --- Environmental Impacts --- Impact, Environmental --- Impacts, Environmental --- Environments --- Environmental Health
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PRECIPITATIONS EXCEPTIONNELLES --- CRUES-ECLAIR --- IMPACTS MORPHOGENIQUES --- MODELISATION --- PRECIPITATIONS EXCEPTIONNELLES --- CRUES-ECLAIR --- IMPACTS MORPHOGENIQUES --- MODELISATION
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Unter der Prämisse, dass ein Klimawandel stattfindet, arbeitet Wolfgang Osterhage eine Problemstellung heraus, die zu Lösungsvorschlägen im Rahmen des Climate Engineering führt, mit welchen das Klima pro-aktiv beeinflusst werden kann. Der Autor stellt die hierfür erforderlichen technischen Maßnahmen vor. In die Bewertung von Risiken fließen thermodynamische und chaostheoretische Überlegungen ein, die zu einer kritischen Beurteilung führen. Weitere Bewertungskriterien ergeben sich schließlich aus ethischen Grundsatzüberlegungen. Der Inhalt Gezielte Eingriffe in das Klimasystem Konkrete technologische Maßnahmen Physikalische Hintergrundbetrachtungen Referenzrahmen und ethische Fragen Die Zielgruppen Dozierende und Studierende der Physik und der Ingenieurwissenschaften Interessierte Laien, Journalisten und Politiker Der Autor Dr. Wolfgang Osterhage ist promoviert in Physik und den Informationswissenschaften. Er ist Autor sowie Dozent an verschiedenen Institutionen, darunter an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main.
Physics. --- Climate change. --- Physics, general. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts.
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In recent decades, hurricane frequency and intensity have increased in the Caribbean basin. From 2000 to 2012, more than 100 hurricanes impacted lives, infrastructure, gross domestic product, and natural environments along the coastal shorelines. Recent academic references mention that the dense root system of mangrove forests might mitigate the impact of hurricanes, which would help stabilize the coastline and prevents erosion from waves and storms. Many tropical mangroves are found on the coasts of Caribbean islands, unfortunately, these wetland ecosystems have been cleared at a rate of one percent per year since the nineties by climatic and anthropogenic events. Given this critical context, this study quantifies the causal effects hurricane windstorms on local economic activity, using as a proxy nightlights in the Caribbean region at the highest spatial resolution data available (1 square kilometer), and then measure the level of mangrove natural protection against the impact of hurricanes, employing different widths of the mangroves belt, which leads to a broader socio-economic and environmental perspective study. The results suggest that major hurricanes show negative effects of approximately two percent in nightlights and even a greater negative impact of sixteen percent in storm surge prone areas. However, the presence of mangroves on the coast minimizes the impact of hurricanes, shows a reduction of nightlights between one and six percent. The paper contributes to the literature of natural coastal protection against natural disasters by providing robust estimates of the causal effects of major hurricanes windstorms in the Caribbean, producing regional evidence that could improve targeting of environmental policies and disaster risk management toward those most impacted islands.
Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Environmental Protection --- Natural Disasters
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In pursuit of economic and social development objectives, governments of Pacific Island Countries (PICs) desire to upgrade unpaved low-volume roads (LVRs) for the improvement in connectivity and quality of life associated with all weather-access. Whilst the benefits are clear, the capital cost of conventional pavement technology and the recurrent cost of maintenance make it hard to justify the required investment in upgrading LVRs. Typical LVRs are surfaced with a bituminous chip seal or a thin asphalt concrete (AC) layer on processed aggregate base and subbase courses. Constructing such pavements in PICs is expensive, given the scarcity of aggregate of requisite quality, relatively limited domestic road construction capacity, and scale diseconomies in the use of equipment, plant and materials. Moreover, vulnerability to natural disasters and climate change necessitates consideration of more resilient paving alternatives. The findings of the study suggest that there is substantial promise for concrete pavements to be used for low-volume (<400 vehicles a day) roads. Four different types of concrete pavement were assessed including the strengths, weaknesses and operations and maintenance (O and M) implications of each pavement type. Although prepared primarily for the PICs, the study provides valuable insights and technical guidance on the application of concrete pavements for LVRs in other regions outside of the Pacific Islands.
Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Roads --- Roads and Highways --- Transport
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Between its natural wealth with diverse cultures, increasingly rapid urbanization, and some of the world's most impressive wildlife, Tanzania strikes visitors as a country of diversity and dynamism. At the same time, the country is facing challenges from climate change that will put its people, policymakers, and ecosystems to a test. Migration has long been a strategy of Tanzanians to deal with adverse climatic conditions, but as this report illustrates, climate change will put further pressure on people to leave their homes and look for new opportunities elsewhere within the country's borders. This study shows that Tanzania could see as many as 16.6 million internal climate migrants by 2050. Immediate, rapid and aggressive action on the cutting down emissions as a global community, and pursuing inclusive resilient development at the national level could bring down this scale of climate migration, on average, by about 27 percent.
Climate Change and Environment --- Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Poverty Reduction
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Barber B. Conable, President of the World Bank Group addressed the topic of Australian International Development at the 1989 annual meetings. Poverty, and its persistence alongside such wellbeing, is both a moral outrage and a threat to security. The challenge of poverty is an economic, political and social one. Together, all those elements of change spell a single word: development, the priority business of the World Bank, the oldest, largest and still the most effective international agency in promoting development. But the Bank is only one of the forces fighting global poverty. More of it should come from nations like Australia. Targeted compensation programs can help see the poor through the extra impact of adjustment and keep their hopes and political patience alive. The Bank is supporting such efforts in Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ghana, Jamaica and Morocco and looking elsewhere to see how the timetable or scope of reforms can best be balanced.
Inequality --- Poverty reduction --- Social development --- Social impacts and poverty mitigation
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