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This study examines the medium-term effects of a two-year cash transfer program targeted to adolescent girls and young women. Significant declines in HIV prevalence, teen pregnancy, and early marriage among recipients of unconditional cash transfers (UCTs) during the program evaporated quickly two years after the cessation of transfers. However, children born to UCT beneficiaries during the program had significantly higher height-for-age z-scores at follow-up. On the other hand, conditional cash transfers (CCTs) offered to out-of-school females at baseline produced a large increase in educational attainment and a sustained reduction in the total number of births, but caused no gains in health, labor market outcomes, or empowerment. The findings point to both the promise and the limitations of cash transfer programs for sustained gains in welfare among young women.

Cash Transfers --- Human Capital --- Long-Term Impacts

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Pollution --- Environmental engineering --- Environment --- Milieutechniek. --- Environmental Impact --- Environmental Impacts --- Impact, Environmental --- Impacts, Environmental --- Environments --- Environmental Health

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Unter der Prämisse, dass ein Klimawandel stattfindet, arbeitet Wolfgang Osterhage eine Problemstellung heraus, die zu Lösungsvorschlägen im Rahmen des Climate Engineering führt, mit welchen das Klima pro-aktiv beeinflusst werden kann. Der Autor stellt die hierfür erforderlichen technischen Maßnahmen vor. In die Bewertung von Risiken fließen thermodynamische und chaostheoretische Überlegungen ein, die zu einer kritischen Beurteilung führen. Weitere Bewertungskriterien ergeben sich schließlich aus ethischen Grundsatzüberlegungen.  Der Inhalt Gezielte Eingriffe in das Klimasystem Konkrete technologische Maßnahmen Physikalische Hintergrundbetrachtungen Referenzrahmen und ethische Fragen Die Zielgruppen Dozierende und Studierende der Physik und der Ingenieurwissenschaften Interessierte Laien, Journalisten und Politiker Der Autor Dr. Wolfgang Osterhage ist promoviert in Physik und den Informationswissenschaften. Er ist Autor sowie Dozent an verschiedenen Institutionen, darunter an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main.

Physics. --- Climate change. --- Physics, general. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts.

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In pursuit of economic and social development objectives, governments of Pacific Island Countries (PICs) desire to upgrade unpaved low-volume roads (LVRs) for the improvement in connectivity and quality of life associated with all weather-access. Whilst the benefits are clear, the capital cost of conventional pavement technology and the recurrent cost of maintenance make it hard to justify the required investment in upgrading LVRs. Typical LVRs are surfaced with a bituminous chip seal or a thin asphalt concrete (AC) layer on processed aggregate base and subbase courses. Constructing such pavements in PICs is expensive, given the scarcity of aggregate of requisite quality, relatively limited domestic road construction capacity, and scale diseconomies in the use of equipment, plant and materials. Moreover, vulnerability to natural disasters and climate change necessitates consideration of more resilient paving alternatives. The findings of the study suggest that there is substantial promise for concrete pavements to be used for low-volume (<400 vehicles a day) roads. Four different types of concrete pavement were assessed including the strengths, weaknesses and operations and maintenance (O and M) implications of each pavement type. Although prepared primarily for the PICs, the study provides valuable insights and technical guidance on the application of concrete pavements for LVRs in other regions outside of the Pacific Islands.

Climate Change Impacts --- Environment --- Roads --- Roads and Highways --- Transport

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Barber B. Conable, President of the World Bank Group addressed the topic of Australian International Development at the 1989 annual meetings. Poverty, and its persistence alongside such wellbeing, is both a moral outrage and a threat to security. The challenge of poverty is an economic, political and social one. Together, all those elements of change spell a single word: development, the priority business of the World Bank, the oldest, largest and still the most effective international agency in promoting development. But the Bank is only one of the forces fighting global poverty. More of it should come from nations like Australia. Targeted compensation programs can help see the poor through the extra impact of adjustment and keep their hopes and political patience alive. The Bank is supporting such efforts in Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ghana, Jamaica and Morocco and looking elsewhere to see how the timetable or scope of reforms can best be balanced.

Inequality --- Poverty reduction --- Social development --- Social impacts and poverty mitigation