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This e-book provides the insight into occupational health and safety problems, challenges and solutions of the dairy sector. Thirty-two authors have been sharing their results and knowledge reflecting the challenges from small scale farming up to industrial style. The worldwide trend of growing farm sizes and a reduction in numbers is one of the major drivers for the changes in the working environment. Musculoskeletal disorders are among the most prevalent health problems of people working on farms. Nevertheless mechanisation has not reduced the number of complaints, and new problems arise due to the changing working environment.

immigrant workers --- Dairy farming --- OHS --- MSS --- MSD

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Immigrants in Rome or Paris are more visible to the public eye than the Italian or French engineers in Silicon Valley, especially when it comes to the debate on the effects of immigration on the employment and wages of natives in high-income countries. This paper argues that such public fears, especially in European countries are misplaced; instead, more concern should be directed towards emigration. Using a new dataset on migration flows by education levels for the period 1990-2000, the results show the following: First, immigration had zero to small positive long-run effect on the average wages of natives, ranging from zero in Italy to +1.7 percent in Australia. Second, emigration had a mild to significant negative long-run effect ranging from zero for the US to ?0.8 percent in the UK. Third, over the period 1990-2000, immigration generally improved the income distribution of European countries while emigration worsened it by increasing the wage gap between the high and low skilled natives. These patterns hold true using a range of parameters for the simulations, accounting for the estimates of undocumented immigrants, and correcting for the quality of schooling and/or labor-market downgrading of skills. All results go counter to the popular beliefs about migration, but they are due to the higher skill intensity of both emigration and immigration relative to non-migrants.

International Migration --- Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials --- Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers

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The goal of this thesis is to do a comparative analysis of the effects of labour market policies on unemployment. The two countries of comparison are Belgium and Germany. The aim is to take studies that have been done so far and to compare their results for both countries. Therefore, some reasons for the existence of unemployment will be presented, before moving to a description of several labour market policies, which include unemployment compensation schemes. Then, the effects of unemployment benefits will be discussed in a more detailed way, especially in the case of a reduction in the duration and the generosity of unemployment benefits. Although most policies seem to have similar effects in Belgium and Germany, some heterogeneities persist. Some policies have a stronger impact on unemployment than others, and in some cases, differences within the groups of the unemployed can be identified. All in all, however, it can be seen that the effects of the labour market policies are mostly in line with what is predicted by the literature. Being a broad and complex topic, the elements presented in this thesis are not exhaustive. The framework of this work would otherwise have been exceeded.

Labor Economics Policies --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job search --- Unemployment Insurance --- Skills --- Vacancies --- Retirement --- Geographic Labor Mobility --- Immigrant Workers --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres

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Foreign workers --- Social conditions. --- Alien labor --- Aliens --- Foreign labor --- Guest workers --- Guestworkers --- Immigrant labor --- Immigrant workers --- Migrant labor (Foreign workers) --- Migrant workers (Foreign workers) --- Social conditions --- Employment --- Netherlands --- Social policy.

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Recent reforms have put Germany among the OECD countries with the fewest restrictions on labour migration for highly-skilled occupations, yet inflows continue to be relatively low. As labour migration is supposed to be one means to help meet future labour and skill shortages caused by a shrinking working-age population, this book addresses the question of how to ensure that international recruitment can help meet urgent needs in the labour market which cannot be met locally. The review examines key issues in the design of the German labour migration system, on the demand side and on the supply side. German employers can recruit from abroad for any job requiring university-level qualifications. Yet even employers declaring shortages have not done so, in part, due to their insistence on German-language skills and specific qualifications, and in part to a perception that international recruitment is complex and unreliable. While the process could be made more transparent, its negative reputation is unjustified. International students appear well positioned to meet employer concerns, but Germany could do more  to promote this channel for labour migration. A large part of the demand is also expected in skilled occupations requiring non-tertiary vocational training, but here, channels remain more restrictive. To address anticipated shortages in these occupations, more should be done to recruit into the dual system, and Germany’s new recognition framework could contribute to open new channels.

Social Issues/Migration/Health --- Employment --- Business & Economics --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Germany --- Foreign workers --- Alien labor --- Aliens --- Foreign labor --- Guest workers --- Guestworkers --- Immigrant labor --- Immigrant workers --- Migrant labor (Foreign workers) --- Migrant workers (Foreign workers) --- Employees --- Noncitizen labor --- Noncitizens