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As many as 40 different Shìi groups existed in the 9th and 10th centuries yet only 3 forms have survived. Why is Twelver Shìism one of them As the established faith in modern Iran, the majority faith in Iraq and areas in the Gulf and with its adherents forming sizeable minorities elsewhere in the region, Twelver Shi'ism is arguably the most successful branch of Shi'ism. Andrew J. Newman chronicles the progression of Twelver Shiism, exploring the numerous external challenges and internal disagreements that marked the lives of believers in pockets across the Middle East to the early 18th century. During this time, from the 13th to the 15th century especially, with scholarly activity and the availability of earlier key texts of the faith limited, the region's many millenarian doctrines and movements threatened its demise. Only by the late 17th century was Twelver Shiism's survival assured, both in Iran and elsewhere in the region.

Shiah --- 297 <09> --- History. --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van ... --- Doctrines --- Shīʻah --- Imams (Shiites) --- Imams (Shiites). --- Shīʻah / Doctrines / History. --- Shīʻah / History. --- Imamiten. --- Geschichte 632-1722. --- Shīʻah / Doctrines / History --- Shīʻah / History --- History --- Imamiten --- Shīʻah --- Chiisme --- Imāms (chiisme) --- Histoire. --- Shåi°ah --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van .. --- Doctrines&delete& --- Imams --- Shiites --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van . --- Islam. Mohammedanisme--Geschiedenis van --- Imāms (chiisme)

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A study of a little-known author 'al-Sharif al-Murtada' whose views are still a major influence for Shi'i Muslims.

Motazilites --- Shīa̓h. --- Moutazela --- Muʻtazila --- Muʻtazilah --- Mutazilites --- Islamic sects --- History --- Sharīf al-Murtaḍá, ʻAlam al-Hudá ʻAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn, --- al-Shareef al-Murtada, --- ʻAlam al-Hudá ʻAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍá, --- ʻAlam al-Hudá, ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad, --- ʻAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍá, ʻAlam al-Hudá, --- ʻAlī ibn al-Ṭāhir Abī Aḥmad al-Ḥusayn, --- Shareef al-Murtada, --- Sharīf al-Murtaḍá, --- شريف المرتضى، عالم الهدى علي بن الحسين --- شريف المرتضى، عالم الھدى علي ابن الحسين --- شريف المرتضى، علم الهدى بن الحسين --- شريف المرتضى، علم الهدى علي بن الحسين --- شريف المرتضى، علم الهدى علي بن الحسين، --- علم الهدى على بن الحسين الشريف المرتضى --- مرتضى علم الهدى أبو القاسم علي بن الحسين موسوى --- Shīʻah. --- Motazilites. --- Imamites --- Shia --- Shiism --- Twelvers (Islam) --- Alids --- Imamiten. --- Islamische Theologie. --- Mutasiliten. --- Schiiten. --- Shīʻah. --- Sharīf al-Murtaḍá, ʻAlam al-Hudá ʻAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn, --- Šarīf al-Murtaḍā, ʻAlī Ibn-al-Ḥusain aš-, --- Šarīf al-Murtaḍā,