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In the past few decades, awareness of the basic role that endophytic fungi play in shaping the fitness of both wild and crop plants has increased significantly. The number of papers on the subject is so large that it is becoming difficult to have a complete overview of the state-of-the-art with reference to specific crops. In the absence of readily available documents providing circumstantial information on the endophytic assemblage of plants, the isolation of a certain fungal species may appear to be occasional or trivial; hence, many important findings are at risk of going unnoticed. This Special Issue aims to present a collection of papers dealing with the occurrence and functions of endophytic fungi in crop species. It may represent a useful tool for stakeholders in this particular research field, with a view to stimulating a more thorough consideration of the opportunities deriving from their discoveries.

Research & information: general --- endophytic fungi --- Fusarium --- species complexes --- mycotoxins --- fusaric acid --- trichothecenes --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- Citrus spp. --- endophytes --- antagonism --- defensive mutualism --- plant growth promotion --- bioactive compounds --- entomopathogens --- crop protection --- integrated pest management --- Cordycipitaceae --- Alternaria --- Illumina MiSeq --- secondary raw materials --- compositae --- fungi --- herbs --- secondary metabolites --- symbiosis --- mutualism --- plant fitness --- latent pathogens --- Botryosphaeria rhodina --- Botryodiplodia theobromae --- onions --- amaryllis --- endosphere --- endobiome --- metabolome --- sage --- bioprospecting --- medicinal plants --- Lamiaceae --- biocontrol --- biostimulants --- induced systemic resistance --- ISR --- plant pathogens --- fungal entomopathogens --- Acacia --- Albizia --- Bauhinia --- Berberis --- Caesalpinia --- Cassia --- Cornus --- Hamamelis --- Jasminus --- Ligustrum --- Lonicera --- Nerium --- Robinia --- EFSA --- high-risk plants --- n/a

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In the past few decades, awareness of the basic role that endophytic fungi play in shaping the fitness of both wild and crop plants has increased significantly. The number of papers on the subject is so large that it is becoming difficult to have a complete overview of the state-of-the-art with reference to specific crops. In the absence of readily available documents providing circumstantial information on the endophytic assemblage of plants, the isolation of a certain fungal species may appear to be occasional or trivial; hence, many important findings are at risk of going unnoticed. This Special Issue aims to present a collection of papers dealing with the occurrence and functions of endophytic fungi in crop species. It may represent a useful tool for stakeholders in this particular research field, with a view to stimulating a more thorough consideration of the opportunities deriving from their discoveries.

Research & information: general --- endophytic fungi --- Fusarium --- species complexes --- mycotoxins --- fusaric acid --- trichothecenes --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- Citrus spp. --- endophytes --- antagonism --- defensive mutualism --- plant growth promotion --- bioactive compounds --- entomopathogens --- crop protection --- integrated pest management --- Cordycipitaceae --- Alternaria --- Illumina MiSeq --- secondary raw materials --- compositae --- fungi --- herbs --- secondary metabolites --- symbiosis --- mutualism --- plant fitness --- latent pathogens --- Botryosphaeria rhodina --- Botryodiplodia theobromae --- onions --- amaryllis --- endosphere --- endobiome --- metabolome --- sage --- bioprospecting --- medicinal plants --- Lamiaceae --- biocontrol --- biostimulants --- induced systemic resistance --- ISR --- plant pathogens --- fungal entomopathogens --- Acacia --- Albizia --- Bauhinia --- Berberis --- Caesalpinia --- Cassia --- Cornus --- Hamamelis --- Jasminus --- Ligustrum --- Lonicera --- Nerium --- Robinia --- EFSA --- high-risk plants

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Beyond being the most important natural compound source, actinomycetes are the origin of up to two-thirds of all clinically used antibiotics. Currently, new antimicrobials are urgently needed, as infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens are on the rise. In the identification of new antibiotics, many scientists are currently investigating biosynthetic aspects of antibiotic production in actinomycetes. Since the emergence of next-generation sequencing technologies, the field of antibiotics research has experienced a remarkable revival. These bacteria have the potential to produce more antibiotics than previously thought possible. Some antibiotics are produced in standard media, while others require the presence of a specific signaling molecule in the medium. Others, however, are only produced when the native regulation of the biosynthesis gene cluster is overruled. This book covers topics in the field of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. The following tops are addressed: - Approaches to access novel antibiotic producers for novel natural compounds - Omics and genome mining approaches for the discovery of novel natural compounds - Analyses and genetic engineering of antibiotic biosynthesis - Regulation of the secondary metabolism in actinomycetes

Streptomyces --- biogeography --- comparative genomics --- diversification --- secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters --- SMGC --- natural products --- streptomyces --- rishirilide --- biosynthesis --- polyketides --- polynucleotide phosphorylase --- ribonuclease --- regulation --- promoter --- RNA decay --- polyadenylation --- (p)ppGpp --- antibiotic --- antibiotics --- geomicrobiology --- Illumina sequencing --- microbiome diversity --- Actinobacteria --- Cave microbiology --- secondary metabolite --- rare Actinobacteria --- Amycolatopsis --- unculturability --- siderophore --- glycopeptide antibiotics --- dbv cluster --- regulatory genes --- StrR --- LAL --- LuxR solo --- dalbavancin --- A40926 --- Streptomyces lividans --- secretion pathways --- secretory proteins --- signal peptides --- actinomycetes --- teicoplanin --- van resistance genes --- Streptomyces tsukubaensis --- tacrolimus --- FK506 --- omics --- screening --- secondary metabolism --- differentiation --- elicitors --- morphology --- liquid cultures --- metagenomics --- rare actinomycetes --- dereplication --- metabolomics --- genome mining --- secondary metabolites --- novel compounds --- physicochemical screening --- physical and chemical properties --- structural diversity --- biological activity --- Actinoallomurus --- antibiotics polyethers --- lysolipin --- minimal PKS II --- cyclases --- benz[a]naphthacene quinone --- tridecaketide --- aromatic polyketide --- pentacyclic angular polyphenol --- extended polyketide chain --- actinobacteria --- β-lactamase --- resistance --- β-lactamase inhibitor --- polyketide synthases --- acyltransferases --- engineering --- new bioactive compounds --- symbiosis --- drug discovery --- chemical ecology --- culture-based approaches --- strain --- specialized metabolites --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- n/a

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The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a major signaling intermediary that coordinates favorable environmental conditions with cell growth. Indeed, as part of two functionally distinct protein complexes, named mTORC1 and mTORC2, mTOR regulates a variety of cellular processes, including protein, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis, as well as autophagy. Over the last two decades, major molecular advances have been made in mTOR signaling and have revealed the complexity of the events implicated in mTOR function and regulation. In parallel, the role of mTOR in diverse pathological conditions has also been identified, including in cancer, hamartoma, neurological, and metabolic diseases. Through a series of articles, this book focuses on the role played by mTOR in cellular processes, metabolism in particular, and highlights a panel of human diseases for which mTOR inhibition provides or might provide benefits. It also addresses future studies needed to further characterize the role of mTOR in selected disorders, which will help design novel therapeutic approaches. It is therefore intended for everyone who has an interest in mTOR biology and its application in human pathologies.

n/a --- primary cilia --- neurodegeneration --- nutrient sensor --- PI3K --- transcriptomics --- phosphorylation --- metabolic reprogramming --- autophagy --- Alzheimer’s disease --- rapalogs --- liver --- angiogenesis --- mTOR complex --- MBSCs --- advanced biliary tract cancers --- Medulloblastoma --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition --- AMPK --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- thyroid cancer --- sodium iodide symporter (NIS)/SLC5A5 --- male fertility --- anesthesia --- illumina --- mTOR inhibitor --- miRNA --- Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) --- eIFs --- Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) --- glucose --- AKT --- oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) --- glucose and lipid metabolism --- cellular signaling --- aging --- tumor microenvironment --- rapamycin --- leukemia --- chloral hydrate --- rapalogues --- schizophrenia --- T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- senescence --- lamin A/C --- neurotoxicity --- neurodevelopment --- inhibitor --- methamphetamine --- pulmonary fibrosis --- mTOR --- mTOR inhibitors --- combination therapy --- proteolysis --- fluid shear stress --- tumour cachexia --- biomarkers --- synapse --- gluconeogenesis --- mTOR signal pathway --- Sertoli cells --- immunosenescence --- miRNome --- protein aggregation --- senolytics --- metabolism --- NGS --- mTORC2 --- mTORC1 --- metabolic diseases --- IonTorrent --- apoptosis --- dopamine receptor --- nocodazole --- microenvironment --- everolimus --- acute myeloid leukemia --- immunotherapy --- spermatogenesis --- bone remodeling --- signalling --- targeted therapy --- ageing --- therapy --- NVP-BEZ235 --- fructose --- physical activity --- laminopathies --- MC3T3-E1 cells --- cell signaling --- microRNA --- cancer --- lipolysis --- melatonin --- Parkinson’s disease --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease