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Theoretical papers link the liquidity premium to the optimal trading decisions of investors facing transaction costs. In particular, investors' holding periods determine how transaction costs are amortized and priced in asset returns. Using a unique data set containing two million trades, this paper investigates the relationship between holding periods and transaction costs for 66,000 households from a large discount brokerage. The author finds that transaction costs are an important determinant of investors' holding periods, after controlling for household and stock characteristics. The relationship between holding periods and transaction costs is stronger among more sophisticated investors. Households with longer holding periods earn significantly higher returns after amortized transaction costs, and households that have holding periods that are positively related to transaction costs earn both higher gross and net returns. The author shows that there is correlation in the demand for liquid assets across households and, consistent with the notion of flight to liquidity, this demand increases during times of low market liquidity. Households with higher incomes and with higher wealth invested in the stock market supply liquidity when market liquidity is low.

Brokerage --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Equity markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Holding --- Illiquid securities --- Individual investor --- Individual Investors --- International Bank --- Investment Decisions --- Liquid assets --- Liquidity --- Liquidity premium --- Liquidity risk --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market liquidity --- Markets and Market Access --- Mutual Funds --- Private Sector Development --- Return --- Returns --- Stock market --- Stocks --- Trading --- Transaction --- Transaction Costs