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Natural antibodies (NAbs) are found in normal individuals in the absence of exogenous antigenic stimulation. Natural antibodies rapidly recognize and protect against pathogens that have not been previously encountered. NAbs also cross-react with several self-antigens, which, besides their role as a first line of defense against pathogens, affords them the ability to perform important housekeeping functions in healthy organisms. Such housekeeping functions include the clearance of oxidized damaged structures and/or apoptotic cells, which prevents the induction of pro-inflammatory effects. In addition, NAbs play a role in preventing the expansion of specific auto-reactive clones, thereby behaving as regulatory elements in acute or chronic inflammation. To maintain the non-pathogenic balance between the dual pathogen/self-antigen cross-reactivities of NAbs, a strict regulation in NAb secretion and function is necessary to avoid autoimmune disease. Actually, some of the NAbs related auto-reactivities, such as anti-DNA and anti-MOG, have been associated with autoimmunity. Furthermore, NAbs have been shown to bind to ‘neo-self’ carbohydrate antigens on glycolipids and glycoproteins found on malignant but not normal cells, which suggests NAbs may take part in tumor immunosurveillance. Many aspects regarding NAbs have yet to be studied in more detail: the reactivity and function of NAbs in health and disease, the behavior of the NAb repertoire with increasing age, the regulation of natural antibody production and auto-reactivity, the ways to specifically activate NAbs producing cells with desired specificities, the characteristics of human NAbs, among others. This special topics eBook consists of a number of articles exploring the cells that produce NAbs as well as the characteristics, function, specificity, and/or the role of natural antibodies in health and disease.

innate immunity --- immunoglobulin --- Antibodies --- B cells --- IgM --- natural antibodies --- B-1 cells --- innate immunity --- immunoglobulin --- Antibodies --- B cells --- IgM --- natural antibodies --- B-1 cells

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Natural antibodies (NAbs) are found in normal individuals in the absence of exogenous antigenic stimulation. Natural antibodies rapidly recognize and protect against pathogens that have not been previously encountered. NAbs also cross-react with several self-antigens, which, besides their role as a first line of defense against pathogens, affords them the ability to perform important housekeeping functions in healthy organisms. Such housekeeping functions include the clearance of oxidized damaged structures and/or apoptotic cells, which prevents the induction of pro-inflammatory effects. In addition, NAbs play a role in preventing the expansion of specific auto-reactive clones, thereby behaving as regulatory elements in acute or chronic inflammation. To maintain the non-pathogenic balance between the dual pathogen/self-antigen cross-reactivities of NAbs, a strict regulation in NAb secretion and function is necessary to avoid autoimmune disease. Actually, some of the NAbs related auto-reactivities, such as anti-DNA and anti-MOG, have been associated with autoimmunity. Furthermore, NAbs have been shown to bind to ‘neo-self’ carbohydrate antigens on glycolipids and glycoproteins found on malignant but not normal cells, which suggests NAbs may take part in tumor immunosurveillance. Many aspects regarding NAbs have yet to be studied in more detail: the reactivity and function of NAbs in health and disease, the behavior of the NAb repertoire with increasing age, the regulation of natural antibody production and auto-reactivity, the ways to specifically activate NAbs producing cells with desired specificities, the characteristics of human NAbs, among others. This special topics eBook consists of a number of articles exploring the cells that produce NAbs as well as the characteristics, function, specificity, and/or the role of natural antibodies in health and disease.

innate immunity --- immunoglobulin --- Antibodies --- B cells --- IgM --- natural antibodies --- B-1 cells

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Union of Parts examines one of the central puzzles in the economic and political successes of West Germany (FRG). In the decades between world war and reunification with the East, the FRG provided a model for combining high rates of unionization and substantial labor peace-indeed, for collaboration between organized labor and organized capital as both groups faced the dislocations involved in adjusting to a changing global marketplace.

Collective bargaining --- Works councils --- Industrial relations --- Labor unions --- Labor policy --- Labor --- State and labor --- Economic policy --- Government policy --- Industriegewerkschaft Metall für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. --- Industriegewerkschaft Metall für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- I.G.M. --- I.G. Metall für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- IG Metall für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- IG-Metall (Germany) --- IGM --- Industriegewerkschaft Metall --- Industriegewerkschaft Metall (Germany) --- Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband

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This book focuses on fundamental and applied research on humoral immune responses to viral infections in humans. The comprehensive study of antibody response is critical for the development of diagnostic tools, vaccines, and immunotherapeutics against life-threatening viral infections. Special attention is given to serological surveillance and characterization of virus-neutralizing antibodies.

Medicine --- highly pathogenic avian influenza virus --- H5N6 (clade 2.3.4.4) --- human sera --- SARS-CoV-2 --- COVID-19 --- full proteome --- peptide microarrays --- glycan microarrays --- seroprevalence --- ELISA --- neutralization assay --- viral persistence --- serum antibody --- neutralization efficacy --- cytokine profile --- neutralising antibodies --- filoviruses --- ebolavirus --- post-vaccination --- post-infection --- monoclonal antibodies --- longitudinal antibody response --- antibody specificity --- recombinant proteins --- virus neutralization --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Guangdong --- China --- antibody --- varicella–zoster virus (VZV) --- chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) --- IgA --- IgG --- IgM --- diagnostic test --- antibody therapeutic --- cryo-EM --- filovirus --- marburgvirus --- structural biology --- X-ray crystallography --- n/a --- varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

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This book provides a comprehensive, self-contained introduction to one of the most exciting frontiers in astrophysics today: the quest to understand how the oldest and most distant galaxies in our universe first formed. Until now, most research on this question has been theoretical, but the next few years will bring about a new generation of large telescopes that promise to supply a flood of data about the infant universe during its first billion years after the big bang. This book bridges the gap between theory and observation. It is an invaluable reference for students and researchers on early galaxies. The First Galaxies in the Universe starts from basic physical principles before moving on to more advanced material. Topics include the gravitational growth of structure, the intergalactic medium, the formation and evolution of the first stars and black holes, feedback and galaxy evolution, reionization, 21-cm cosmology, and more. Provides a comprehensive introduction to this exciting frontier in astrophysics Begins from first principles Covers advanced topics such as the first stars and 21-cm cosmology Prepares students for research using the next generation of large telescopes Discusses many open questions to be explored in the coming decade

Cosmology. --- Galaxies --- Stars --- Formation. --- 21-cm cosmology. --- 21-cm line. --- AGN. --- Big Bang. --- Hubble Space Telescope. --- IGM properties. --- IGM. --- James Webb Space Telescope. --- Lyman-α emissions. --- Lyman-α line. --- Lyman-α photons. --- Milky Way. --- Universe. --- active galactic nuclei. --- analytic models. --- astrophysical objects. --- astrophysical processes. --- astrophysics. --- black holes. --- chemical processes. --- cluster formation. --- computational methods. --- cosmic dawn. --- cosmic evolution. --- cosmic history. --- cosmic microwave background. --- cosmological perturbations. --- cosmological phase transition. --- cosmology. --- dark ages. --- dark matter. --- density evolution. --- disk formation. --- dwarf galaxies. --- earliest gaseous clouds. --- early galaxies. --- early stars. --- feedback effects. --- feedback processes. --- first dwarf galaxies. --- first galaxies. --- first stars. --- fossil records. --- fossil structure. --- fundamental cosmology. --- galactic emission lines. --- galactic superwinds. --- galaxies. --- galaxy evolution. --- galaxy formation. --- gravitational collapse. --- gravitational growth. --- halo formation. --- halo mergers. --- helium. --- high-redshift galaxies. --- high-z Universe. --- hydrogen reionization. --- hydrogen. --- hyperfine line. --- intergalactic hydrogen. --- intergalactic medium. --- ionization structures. --- linear growth. --- luminosity. --- luminous material. --- massive stars. --- mechanical feedback. --- nonlinear evolution. --- nonlinear structure. --- numerical simulations. --- observational probes. --- perturbations. --- photoheating. --- positive feedback. --- primordial gas. --- protostars. --- quasars. --- radiative feedback. --- radiative processes. --- reionization. --- secondary anisotropies. --- semianalytic models. --- small density fluctuations. --- spin-flip background. --- spin-flip fluctuations. --- spin-flip transition. --- standard cosmological model. --- star formation. --- star-forming galaxies. --- statistical fluctuations. --- stellar feedback. --- stellar ionizing photons. --- stellar mass functions. --- stellar-mass black holes. --- structure. --- supermassive black holes.