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This book argues that the major traditions in the philosophy of language have mistakenly focused on highly idealized linguistic contexts. Instead, it presents a non-ideal foundational theory of language that contends that the essential function of language is to direct attention for the purpose of achieving diverse social and political goals. Philosophers of language have focused primarily on highly idealized linguistic contexts in which cooperative agents are working toward the shared goal of gaining information about the world. This approach abstracts away from important issues like power, ideology, social position, and diversity of goals which are crucial to explaining linguistic phenomena both at the semantic and pragmatic levels. This book begins by examining the work of some of the pioneers of this tradition-primarily David Lewis, Paul Grice, and Robert Stalnaker. The author shows that various problems have their source in idealizations made at the foundational level of linguistic theory and proposes to rebuild from the ground-up. She presents a non-ideal foundational theory of language which retains the major insights of traditional frameworks while rejecting the social idealizations that guide them. Then, she explores the social and political applications of her account to issues such as dog whistling, propaganda, racist speech, silencing, and manipulation. Non-Ideal Foundations of Language will appeal to researchers and advanced students in philosophy of language who are interested in the social and political applications of language, as well as traditional metasemantic theory.

Ideals (Philosophy)

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The book reveals different dimensions of modeling in the historical sciences. Papers collected in the first part (Ontology of the Historical Process) consider different models of historical reality and discuss their status. The second part (Modeling in the Methodology of History) presents various forms of idealization in historiographic research. The papers in the third part (Modeling in the Research Practice) present various models of past reality (e.g. of Poland, Central Europe and the general history of the feudal system) put forward by historians. Other papers consider the status of scientific laws and historical generalizations. The volume will be of interest to those who study analytical philosophy of history, methodology of history and social sciences, social philosophy as well as theory and history of historiography.

Ideals (Philosophy)

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Idealen (ethiek). --- Idealisme. --- Ideals (Philosophy). --- Ideals (Philosophy).

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Ideals (Philosophy) --- Social ethics

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Nous sommes de plus en plus nombreux à en rêver : échapper au système, à cette maximisation du profit, partout, tout le temps, qui ravage nos sociétés et la planète. Mais rompre avec le mode de vie dominant exige des sacrifices que peu d’entre nous sont prêts à consentir. Entre la pleine adhésion et la fuite, un chemin existe-t-il ? Oui, répond Alexandre Lacroix, qui plonge aux racines de notre malaise en dévoilant la logique de notre modernité connectée, ce monde où l’auto-entrepreneuriat, le télétravail et les vérités alternatives déclinées sur les réseaux sociaux effacent les frontières entre sphère publique et sphère privée, temps de travail et temps de loisir, exploiteur et exploité, vrai et faux. Mettre à nu cette mécanique donne à chacun de nouveaux repères et nous permet d’introduire du jeu. En s’affranchissant de l’utilitarisme dominant, en se donnant un idéal non négociable qui guidera notre action, il est possible de reprendre en main les rênes de nos existences.

Utilitarianism. --- Empowerment. --- Ideals (Philosophy) --- Utilitarianism