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The breakup of the Space Shuttle Columbia as it reentered Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 2003, reminded the public--and NASA--of the grave risks posed to spacecraft by everything from insulating foam to space debris. Here, Alan Tribble presents a singular, up-to-date account of a wide range of less conspicuous but no less consequential environmental effects that can damage or cause poor performance of orbiting spacecraft. Conveying a wealth of insight into the nature of the space environment and how spacecraft interact with it, he covers design modifications aimed at eliminating or reducing such environmental effects as solar absorptance increases caused by self-contamination, materials erosion by atomic oxygen, electrical discharges due to spacecraft charging, degradation of electrical circuits by radiation, and bombardment by micrometeorites. This book is unique in that it bridges the gap between studies of the space environment as performed by space physicists and spacecraft design engineering as practiced by aerospace engineers.

Space vehicles --- Space environment. --- Medi ambient espacial --- Vehicles espacials --- Compton effect. --- Debye length. --- Earth shielding. --- activation energy. --- alpha radiation. --- burnout. --- coronal mass ejection. --- displacement damage. --- electrical ground. --- galactic cosmic ray. --- gravitational focusing. --- hydrazine. --- ideal gas law. --- impact cratering. --- latchup. --- launch facility. --- magnetopause. --- magnetosphere. --- mass density. --- nuclear weapons. --- obscuration. --- outgassing. --- pair production. --- reaction efficiency (RE). --- residence time. --- scale height. --- snapover. --- thermosphere. --- view factor. --- Design and construction. --- Disseny i construcció --- Compton effect. --- Debye length. --- Earth shielding. --- activation energy. --- alpha radiation. --- burnout. --- coronal mass ejection. --- displacement damage. --- electrical ground. --- galactic cosmic ray. --- gravitational focusing. --- hydrazine. --- ideal gas law. --- impact cratering. --- latchup. --- launch facility. --- magnetopause. --- magnetosphere. --- mass density. --- nuclear weapons. --- obscuration. --- outgassing. --- pair production. --- reaction efficiency (RE). --- residence time. --- scale height. --- snapover. --- thermosphere. --- view factor.

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The breakup of the Space Shuttle Columbia as it reentered Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 2003, reminded the public--and NASA--of the grave risks posed to spacecraft by everything from insulating foam to space debris. Here, Alan Tribble presents a singular, up-to-date account of a wide range of less conspicuous but no less consequential environmental effects that can damage or cause poor performance of orbiting spacecraft. Conveying a wealth of insight into the nature of the space environment and how spacecraft interact with it, he covers design modifications aimed at eliminating or reducing such environmental effects as solar absorptance increases caused by self-contamination, materials erosion by atomic oxygen, electrical discharges due to spacecraft charging, degradation of electrical circuits by radiation, and bombardment by micrometeorites. This book is unique in that it bridges the gap between studies of the space environment as performed by space physicists and spacecraft design engineering as practiced by aerospace engineers.

Space vehicles --- Space environment. --- Environment, Space --- Extraterrestrial environment --- Space weather --- Extreme environments --- Design and construction. --- Compton effect. --- Debye length. --- Earth shielding. --- activation energy. --- alpha radiation. --- burnout. --- coronal mass ejection. --- displacement damage. --- electrical ground. --- galactic cosmic ray. --- gravitational focusing. --- hydrazine. --- ideal gas law. --- impact cratering. --- latchup. --- launch facility. --- magnetopause. --- magnetosphere. --- mass density. --- nuclear weapons. --- obscuration. --- outgassing. --- pair production. --- reaction efficiency (RE). --- residence time. --- scale height. --- snapover. --- thermosphere. --- view factor.

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This book appeals to scientists, teachers and graduate students in mathematics, and will be of interest for scholars in applied sciences as well, in particular in medicine, biology and social sciences. The models in this connection apply, in particular, to the study of the immune system response and to the predator–prey dynamic. The efficiency of public transport is also considered and blast waves in explosions are studied. Other contributions concern pure mathematics, in particular Pythagorean means, sequences of matrices and Markov chains, and these give evidence of deep links with Symmetry.

paradox of enrichment --- prey–predator system --- persistence of predators --- extinction of predators --- blast waves --- non-ideal gas --- Rankine–Hugoniot conditions --- magnetogasdynamics --- dynamic model --- immune system response --- immune cells --- abnormal cells --- nonlinear ordinary differential equations --- stability --- diet --- Aggregation dynamic system --- Discrete system --- Epidemic model --- Cauchy’s interlacing theorem --- Output-feedback control --- Stability --- Antistable/Stable matrix --- onboard comfort level --- Markow chain --- bus passenger occupancy prediction --- Chebyshev inequality --- Tracy-Singh product --- continuous field of operators --- Bochner integral --- weighted Pythagorean mean

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The world’s energy demand is still growing, partly due to the rising population, partly to increasing personal needs. This growing demand has to be met without increasing (or preferably, by decreasing) the environmental impact. One of the ways to do so is the use of existing low-temperature heat sources for producing electricity, such as using power plants based on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) . In ORC power plants, instead of the traditional steam, the vapor of organic materials (with low boiling points) is used to turn heat to work and subsequently to electricity. These units are usually less efficient than steam-based plants; therefore, they should be optimized to be technically and economically feasible. The selection of working fluid for a given heat source is crucial; a particular working fluid might be suitable to harvest energy from a 90 ℃ geothermal well but would show disappointing performance for well with a 80 ℃ head temperature. The ORC working fluid for a given heat source is usually selected from a handful of existing fluids by trial-and-error methods; in this collection, we demonstrate a more systematic method based on physical and chemical criteria.

History of engineering & technology --- adiabatic expansion --- isentropic expansion --- T-s diagram --- working fluid classification --- optimization --- single-screw expander --- vapor–liquid two-phase expansion --- thermal efficiency --- net work output --- heat exchange load of condenser --- cis-butene --- HFO-1234ze(E) --- ORC working fluids --- temperature–entropy saturation curve --- saturation properties --- wet and dry fluids --- ideal-gas heat capacity --- Rankine cycle --- ORC --- biomass --- fluid mixtures --- hydrocarbons --- working fluid --- selection method --- volumetric expander --- thermodynamic analysis --- wet zeotropic mixture --- single screw expander --- organic Rankine cycle --- R441A --- R436B --- R432A --- T–s diagram --- molecular degree of freedom

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This Special Issue concerns the development of a theory for energy conversion on the nanoscale, namely, nanothermodynamics. The theory has been applied to porous media, small surfaces, clusters or fluids under confinement. The number of unsolved issues in these contexts is numerous and the present efforts are only painting part of the broader picture. We attempt to answer the following: How far down in scale does the Gibbs equation apply? Which theory can replace it beyond the thermodynamic limit? It is well known that confinement changes the equation of state of a fluid, but how does confinement change the equilibrium conditions themselves? This Special Issue explores some of the roads that were opened up for us by Hill with the idea of nanothermodynamics. The experimental progress in nanotechnology is advancing rapidly. It is our ambition with this book to inspire an increased effort in the development of suitable theoretical tools and methods to help further progress in nanoscience. All ten contributions to this Special Issue can be seen as efforts to support, enhance and validate the theoretical foundation of Hill.

nanothermodynamics --- porous systems --- molecular simulation --- differential pressure --- integral pressure --- pressure --- confinement --- equilibrium --- thermodynamic --- small-system --- hills-thermodynamics --- pore --- nanopore --- interface --- Kirkwood-Buff integrals --- surface effects --- molecular dynamics --- activated carbon --- high-pressure methane adsorption --- thermodynamics of adsorption systems --- small system method --- thermodynamics of small systems --- hydration shell thermodynamics --- finite size correction --- adsorption --- thin film --- size-dependent --- thermodynamics --- spreading pressure --- entropy of adsorption --- polymers --- single-molecule stretching --- thermodynamics at strong coupling --- temperature-dependent energy levels --- Hill’s thermodynamics of small systems --- porous media --- statistical mechanics --- ideal gas --- nanoparticles --- n/a --- Hill's thermodynamics of small systems