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South Africa's approach to identification offers valuable lessons for countries looking to increase the coverage, robustness, and use of their ID systems. Since the end of apartheid, South Africa's national identification system has been transformed from a tool of oppression to one for inclusion and the delivery of social services. The ID system is now closely integrated with civil registration, boasts high coverage among all segments of the population, and has been instrumental for effective service delivery and a cost effective electoral process.

ICT Applications --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor

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Approximately one billion people globally lack government-recognized identification. As a consequence, they face barriers to accessing critical services and exercising their rights. Robust, inclusive, and responsible foundational identification (ID) systems2 can be transformative for a country's development and for the welfare of its poorest and most vulnerable populations by enabling financial inclusion, the empowerment of women and girls, access to basic services, social safety nets, and political participation. Moreover, at a systemic level, leapfrogging traditional paper-based approaches in favor of digital identification systems can generate significant benefits across the public and private sectors by increasing efficiency and accountability (chiefly through the reduction of fraud, leakages, and waste in public programs) as well as driving innovation in service delivery (through the use of mobile or digital payments, for instance). As governments across the globe are implementing new, digital foundational identification systems or modernizing existing ID programs, there is an urgent need to develop accurate estimations of the associated costs. There are a handful of existing analyses that have attempted to estimate the overall cost of foundational ID systems: for instance, Gelb and Diofasi Metz (2018) estimate that it is likely to cost a low income country roughly 0.6 percent of GDP to build a foundational ID system, or about USD 4-11 investment per registrant for enrolment and credential issuance. The same study cites figures for a few countries suggesting recurrent costs of around 0.06-0.1 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). As the authors point out however, few data points exist and these figures may not apply to different types of systems or to all countries.

Digital identity --- ICT applications --- ICT policy and strategies --- Information and communication technologies --- Information technology

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The power industry in South Asia is on the cusp of a transformation driven by technological advances, decreasing energy intensity, heightened environmental awareness, and evolving customer expectations. Governments in most South Asian countries are helping utilities by implementing various schemes to improve their power sectors. In particular, the widespread and successful adoption of smart metering in advanced economies over the last decade has encouraged South Asian policy makers to take an increasing interest in smart metering systems in hope that they can address some of the chronic issues. Now, with high-level policies in place and utilities keen to adopt smart metering, funding requirement and implementation challenges remain the bottlenecks to mass deployment. A recent World Bank-funded study for South Asian Utilities, carried out in 2018, developed guidance, based on user experience, on the deployment and operation of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and analytics systems by electricity distribution utilities in India and other South Asian countries. The guidance is intended for the ready reference of policy makers and utility managers. This report has two main parts as follows: Chapter 1 provides an overview of the use of data analytics by power utilities, including conceptual architecture for system deployment, meter data flow in metering, billing and collection (MBC) processes, and data analytics systems; and Chapter 2 describes the transition phase utilities go through while adopting data analytics systems, including an explanation of procurement and implementation models for data analytics systems.

Electric Power --- Electricity --- Energy --- ICT Applications --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Power Sector --- Utilities

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Over the last decade Rwanda has developed an exemplary identification ecosystem and has accumulated practical knowledge and experience that deserve to be shared with other African nations who may find it useful and inspiring as they attempt to build their own identification schemes. While the report is based on in-country research and interviews with identity stakeholders, conducted by the author in support of an official development program in early 2015, it is an independent outcome. It is issued by ID4Africa in the spirit of documenting and promoting knowledge transfer of good practices among African nations. It did not seek official approval or endorsement from any government or development agency. The author remains responsible for the opinions expressed herein, and for any inaccuracies or omissions that may have slipped through, for which apologies are presented in advance. This report is organized as follows: Section 1 gives the essential guide to identity ecosystems and what matters in identity. Section 2 provides a holistic overview of what exists in Rwanda and how the elements relate to one another. Sections 3, 4, and 5 provide a detailed description of the foundational identity registers and schemes, such as the civil register and the National population register, the National identity (NID) card, and the Ubudehe social register. Section 6 provides lessons learned for consideration aimed at other African identity authorities desirous of building or reinforcing their legal identity ecosystems. Finally, the Annex gives, for reference, a summary of the legal framework governing the identity ecosystem in Rwanda.

ICT Applications --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Information Technology --- Public Sector Development

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The transport industry has entered a period of rapid advancement, and the pace of change is only increasing. The proliferation of electric vehicles, rapid advances in autonomous vehicles, the advent of the sharing economy and digital platforms, advances in big data and machine learning, and rapidly evolving business models, such as eCommerce and Mobility as a Service (MaaS), are causing profound changes throughout the sector. The development and rollout of fifth-generation (5G) mobile broadband has the potential to not only support, but accelerate these revolutionary changes as today's digital transport solutions evolve and entirely new opportunities become viable. 5G presents a variety of benefits over previous generations of wireless connectivity, including greater bandwidth, lower latency, capacity to dedicate resources for critical functions, potential for greatly expanded numbers of devices, and easy sharing of data. In some cases, we see dramatic and exponential gains from previous technologies. Each of these 5G features will have an impact in the transport sector, contributing to transport-specific applications. Of these, three key opportunities present themselves: (1) revolutionary advancements in the potential connectivity of vehicles, (2) an increase in the number and ubiquity of connected devices, and (3) improved data availability for transport operations and management. When applying these new technologies to transport, changes can be expected across the sector, with-to some extent-no corner left untouched. While impossible to foresee all potential applications, the study predicts three likely and significant changes: (1) the rise of connected and autonomous vehicles, (2) increasingly smart and efficient logistics, and (3) improved urban transportation with the implementation of MaaS platforms. Figure E.1 highlights some of these key impact linkages between 5G and the transport sector. 5G-enabled vehicles will differ from those in use today, with business models in the transport sector expected to differ significantly from the current paradigm. Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) will bring together a series of changes impacting the sector, including connectivity, electrification, autonomy, and new business models such as MaaS. While the connectivity provided by 5G represents only one enabling facet of this equation, it fundamentally changes the overall potential scope and viability of the model.

Employment --- ICT Applications --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Information Technology --- Logistics --- Transport --- Urban Development