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This is the first complete account of the physics of the creep and fracture of ice, and their interconnectivity. It investigates the deformation of low-pressure ice, which is fundamental to glaciers, polar ice sheets and the uppermost region of icy moons of the outer Solar System. The book discusses ice structure and its defects, and describes the relationship between structure and mechanical properties. It reviews observations and measurements, and then interprets them in terms of physical mechanisms. The book provides a road-map to future studies of ice mechanics, such as the behaviour of glaciers and ice sheets in relation to climate change and the dating of deep ice cores. It also highlights how this knowledge is transferable into an understanding of other crystalline materials. Written by experts in the field, it is ideal for graduate students, engineers and scientists in Earth and planetary science, and materials science.

Ice mechanics. --- Ice crystals. --- Ice --- Creep. --- Fracture.

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Atmospheric ice particles play crucial roles in cloud and storm dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, climatological processes, and other atmospheric processes. Ice Microdynamics introduces the elementary physics and dynamics of atmospheric ice particles in clouds; subsequent sections explain their formation from water vapor, why ice crystal shape and concentration in cirrus clouds influence the heating of air, and describe how ice crystals cleanse the atmosphere by scavenging aerosol particles.Pao Wang's lucid writing style will appeal to atmospheric scientists, climatologists, and

Ice clouds. --- Ice crystal clouds --- Ice crystals in clouds --- Clouds --- Ice crystals

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"The book presents the fantastic world of water in all its different forms, from liquid to ice and snow. This book is amply illustrated with a large number of beautiful pictures. Water plays a unique role in chemistry. The special properties of water are due to hydrogen bonding between the H2O molecules. The hydrogen bond is of fundamental importance in biological systems since all living matter has evolved from and exists in an aqueous environment, and hydrogen bonds are involved in most biological processes. There is a hundred times more water molecules in our bodies than the sum of all the other molecules put together. The unique properties of water are of great importance in our daily life. The origin of these special properties is often not recognized. Even among chemists and physicists, the fundamental facts are not always known. In spite of very active research, there are still many questions to be answered about the structure of liquid water, for instance. The book differs from most books on water as it covers basic facts about structure and properties as well as the influence of these properties in our daily life. Why does ice float on water? Why is the maximum density of water at 4°C? The beauty of snow crystals is amply illustrated, and many of the pictures are unique."--Page 4 of cover.

Hydrogen bonding --- Water chemistry --- Hydrogen bonding. --- Water chemistry. --- Hydrology. --- Water. --- Snow. --- Ice crystals.

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The book illustrates the fascinating world of the different forms of water - from ice and snow to liquid water. The water molecule, H₂O, is the second most common molecule in the Universe (behind hydrogen, H₂) and ice is the most abundant solid material. Snow and ice appear in a countless large number of different shapes and with properties which can be quite different. Detailed knowledge of the properties of snow is of great importance for the Sami people involved in reindeer herding and several hundred names are used to characterize the different types. The properties of ice and liquid water are very special and unique in several respects. In contrast to most other substances, the density of ice is lower than that of liquid water, which has many very important consequences in our daily life. Water plays a unique role in chemistry and although tremendous research has been spent on this seemingly simple substance, there are still many unsolved questions about the structure of liquid water. The special properties of water are due to hydrogen bonding between the H₂O molecules, and this book may be seen as a tribute to the hydrogen bond. The general properties of the hydrogen bond are treated in three separate papers. The hydrogen bond is of fundamental importance in biological systems since all living matter has evolved from and exists in an aqueous environment and hydrogen bonds are involved in most biological processes. There is a hundred times more water molecules in our bodies than the sum of all the other molecules put together.

Snow --- Water --- Ice crystals --- Water chemistry --- Hydrogen bonding --- Phase transformations (Statistical physics) --- Glace --- Cristaux de neige --- Eau --- Liaisons hydrogène --- Transitions de phases --- Liaisons hydrogène

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This book illustrates the exciting possibilities being opened up by X-ray computed tomography (CT) to follow the behavior of materials under conditions as close as possible to those encountered during their manufacture or in operation.The scientific chapters selected for this book describe results obtained using synchrotron or laboratory devices during in situ or ex situ experiments. They characterize microstructures across length scales ranging from tens of nanometers to a few tens of micrometers.In this collection, X-ray CT shines a light on the mechanical properties of engineering materials, such as aluminum or magnesium alloys, stainless steel, aluminum, polymer composites, or ceramic foam. In these experiments, X-ray CT is able to image and quantify the damage occurring during tensile, compression, indentation, or fatigue tests.Of course, X-ray CT can illuminate the structure and behavior of natural materials too. Here it is applied to bone or natural snow to study their mechanical behavior, as well as materials from the agri-food sector. Its versatility is exemplified by analyses of topics as diverse as the removal of olive oil from kitchen sponges by squeezing and rinsing, to the effect of temperature changes on the structure of ice cream.

in-situ X-ray computed tomography --- thermal-mechanical loading --- polymer bonded explosives --- mesoscale characterization --- structure evolution --- particle morphology --- heat treatment --- aluminum cast alloy --- mechanical properties --- Ostwald ripening --- nanotomography --- phase-contrast imaging --- tomographic reconstruction --- dynamic tomography --- motion compensation --- projection-based digital volume correlation --- X-ray μCT --- in-situ experiments --- flow cell --- alkaline manganese batteries --- X-ray tomography --- in operando --- in situ --- zinc powder --- laser powder bed fusion --- additive manufacturing --- in-situ imaging --- Ti6Al4V --- lattice structures --- mechanics --- corrosion --- biomaterial --- battery --- aluminum foams --- intermetallics --- finite element analysis --- damage --- polycrystal plasticity --- X-ray diffraction imaging --- topotomography --- in situ experiment --- finite element simulation --- lattice curvature --- rocking curve --- ice cream --- microstructure --- tomography --- ice crystals --- coarsening --- soft solids --- bone --- X-ray radiation --- tissue damage --- SR-microCT --- digital volume correlation --- temperature control --- electrochemical cell design --- batteries --- helical CT --- contrast agent --- high cycle fatigue (HCF) --- fibre break --- fibre tows --- Freeze Foaming --- in situ computed tomography --- non-destructive testing --- bioceramics --- aging --- crack initiation and propagation --- damage modes --- osteoporosis --- osteogenesis imperfecta --- porosity --- bone matrix quality --- micro-CT --- snow grains --- snow microstructure --- snow properties --- pore morphology --- voids --- fiber-reinforced concrete --- CT scan technology --- DIP software --- X-ray tomography (X-ray CT) --- 3D image analysis --- hydrogen embrittlement --- stainless steel --- in-situ X-ray computed tomography --- thermal-mechanical loading --- polymer bonded explosives --- mesoscale characterization --- structure evolution --- particle morphology --- heat treatment --- aluminum cast alloy --- mechanical properties --- Ostwald ripening --- nanotomography --- phase-contrast imaging --- tomographic reconstruction --- dynamic tomography --- motion compensation --- projection-based digital volume correlation --- X-ray μCT --- in-situ experiments --- flow cell --- alkaline manganese batteries --- X-ray tomography --- in operando --- in situ --- zinc powder --- laser powder bed fusion --- additive manufacturing --- in-situ imaging --- Ti6Al4V --- lattice structures --- mechanics --- corrosion --- biomaterial --- battery --- aluminum foams --- intermetallics --- finite element analysis --- damage --- polycrystal plasticity --- X-ray diffraction imaging --- topotomography --- in situ experiment --- finite element simulation --- lattice curvature --- rocking curve --- ice cream --- microstructure --- tomography --- ice crystals --- coarsening --- soft solids --- bone --- X-ray radiation --- tissue damage --- SR-microCT --- digital volume correlation --- temperature control --- electrochemical cell design --- batteries --- helical CT --- contrast agent --- high cycle fatigue (HCF) --- fibre break --- fibre tows --- Freeze Foaming --- in situ computed tomography --- non-destructive testing --- bioceramics --- aging --- crack initiation and propagation --- damage modes --- osteoporosis --- osteogenesis imperfecta --- porosity --- bone matrix quality --- micro-CT --- snow grains --- snow microstructure --- snow properties --- pore morphology --- voids --- fiber-reinforced concrete --- CT scan technology --- DIP software --- X-ray tomography (X-ray CT) --- 3D image analysis --- hydrogen embrittlement --- stainless steel