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Hybrid warfare has been an integral part of the historical landscape since the ancient world, but only recently have analysts - incorrectly - categorised these conflicts as unique. Great powers throughout history have confronted opponents who used a combination of regular and irregular forces to negate the advantage of the great powers' superior conventional military strength. As this study shows, hybrid wars are labour-intensive and long-term affairs; they are difficult struggles that defy the domestic logic of opinion polls and election cycles. Hybrid wars are also the most likely conflicts of the twenty-first century, as competitors use hybrid forces to wear down America's military capabilities in extended campaigns of exhaustion. Nine historical examples of hybrid warfare, from ancient Rome to the modern world, provide readers with context by clarifying the various aspects of conflicts and examining how great powers have dealt with them in the past.

Polemology --- Asymmetric warfare --- Asymmetric warfare. --- Hybrid warfare. --- Irregular warfare --- Military history, Modern. --- History. --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Hybridkrig --- Militærhistorie --- Asymmetrisk krigsførelse --- Modern military history --- IW (Irregular warfare) --- Unconventional warfare --- War --- Guerrilla warfare --- Military art and science

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This volume addresses the problem of small, irregular, and unconventional war across time and around the globe. The use of non-uniformed and often civilian combatants, with tactics eschewing pitched battles, is the most common form of warfare throughout history and comes in many forms. The collection works back in time beginning with the ‘Long War’ in present day Afghanistan and concluding with warfare in classical Greece. Along the way it engages with conflicts as diverse as the American Civil War and regional rebellion in Tudor England. Each case study provides unique insights into the practices, experiences, and discourses that have shaped this ubiquitous type of conflict. Readers interested in rebellion and repression, cultural and tactical interpretations of conflict, civilian strategies in wartime, the supposed ‘western way of war’, and the ways in which participants have framed and related their actions across a variety of spheres will find much of interest in these pages.

Irregular warfare --- History. --- IW (Irregular warfare) --- Unconventional warfare --- War --- Guerrilla warfare --- Military history. --- History, Ancient. --- World history. --- History, Modern. --- Crime—Sociological aspects. --- History of Military. --- Ancient History. --- World History, Global and Transnational History. --- Modern History. --- Crime and Society. --- Modern history --- World history, Modern --- World history --- Universal history --- History --- Ancient history --- Ancient world history --- Military historiography --- Military history --- Wars --- Historiography --- Naval history

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In response to the irregular warfare challenges facing the U.S. in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2005, General James Mattis—then commander of Marine Corps Combat Development Command—established a new Marine Corps cultural initiative. The goal was simple: teach Marines to interact successfully with the local population in areas of conflict. The implications, however, were anything but simple: transform an elite military culture founded on the principles of "locate, close with, and destroy the enemy" into a "culturally savvy" Marine Corps. Culture in Conflict: Irregular Warfare, Culture Policy, and the Marine Corps examines the conflicted trajectory of the Marine Corps' efforts to institute a radical culture policy into a military organization that is structured and trained to fight conventional wars. More importantly, however, it is a compelling book about America's shifting military identity in a new world of unconventional warfare.

Cultural awareness --- Intercultural communication --- Irregular warfare --- Organizational change --- Sociology, Military --- Culture awareness --- Awareness --- Cultural intelligence --- Ethnic attitudes --- IW (Irregular warfare) --- Unconventional warfare --- War --- Guerrilla warfare --- Cross-cultural communication --- Communication --- Culture --- Cross-cultural orientation --- Cultural competence --- Multilingual communication --- Technical assistance --- Government policy --- Anthropological aspects --- United States. --- U.S. Marine Corps --- United States Marine Corps --- USMC --- USMC (United States Marine Corps)

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Essays that explore the growing field of conflict archaeology Within the last twenty years, the archaeology of conflict has emerged as a valuable subdiscipline within anthropology, contributing greatly to our knowledge and understanding of human conflict on a global scale. Although archaeologists have clearly demonstrated their utility in the study of large-scale battles and sites of conventional warfare, such as camps and forts, conflicts involving asymmetric, guerilla, or irregular warfare are largely missing from the historical record. Partisans, Guerillas, and Irregulars: Historical Archaeology of Asymmetric Warfare presents recent examples of how historical archaeology can contribute to a better understanding of asymmetric warfare. The volume introduces readers to this growing study and to its historic importance. Contributors illustrate how the wide range of traditional and new methods and techniques of historiography and archaeology can be applied to expose critical actions, sacrifices, and accomplishments of competing groups representing opposing philosophies and ways of life, which are otherwise lost in time. The case studies offered cover significant events in American and world history, including the French and Indian War, the American Revolution, Indian wars in the Southeast and Southwest, the Civil War, Reconstruction, Prohibition, and World War II. All such examples used here took place at a local or regional level, and several were singular events within a much larger and more complex historic movement. While retained in local memory or tradition, and despite their potential importance, they are poorly, and incompletely addressed in the historic record. Furthermore, these conflicts took place between groups of significantly different cultural and military traditions and capabilities, most taking on a “David vs. Goliath” character, further shaping the definition of asymmetric warfare.--publisher.

Military archaeology. --- Guerrilla warfare. --- Asymmetric warfare. --- Irregular warfare. --- Battles. --- Fighting --- Combat --- History --- Military art and science --- Military history --- Sieges --- War --- IW (Irregular warfare) --- Unconventional warfare --- Guerrilla warfare --- Insurgency --- Irregular warfare --- Archaeology of conflict --- Archaeology of war --- Battlefield archaeology --- Bunker archaeology --- Combat archaeology --- Conflict archaeology --- Archaeology

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As insurgencies rage, a burning question remains: how should insurgents fight technologically superior state armies? Commentators rarely ask this question because the catchphrase 'we fight by the rules, but they don't' is nearly axiomatic. But truly, are all forms of guerrilla warfare equally reprehensible? Can we think cogently about just guerrilla warfare? May guerrilla tactics such as laying improvised explosive devices (IEDs), assassinating informers, using human shields, seizing prisoners of war, conducting cyber strikes against civilians, manipulating the media, looting resources, or using nonviolence to provoke violence prove acceptable under the changing norms of contemporary warfare? The short answer is 'yes', but modern guerrilla warfare requires a great deal of qualification, explanation, and argumentation before it joins the repertoire of acceptable military behavior. Not all insurgents fight justly, but guerrilla tactics and strategies are also not always the heinous practices that state powers often portray them to be.

Guerrilla warfare --- Irregular warfare --- Insurgency --- Just war doctrine. --- Military ethics. --- Ethics --- Jus ad bellum --- War --- War (Philosophy) --- Insurgent attacks --- Rebellions --- Civil war --- Political crimes and offenses --- Revolutions --- Government, Resistance to --- Internal security --- IW (Irregular warfare) --- Unconventional warfare --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Religious aspects