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CYBERSPACE--POLITICAL ASPECTS --- INTERNET--POLITICAL ASPECTS --- POLITICAL VIOLENCE

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Drawing from scores of interviews personally conducted with numerous prominent officials in the Ministry of Communications and web-savvy activists challenging the state, the authors peel back the history of advanced surveillance systems in Russia. From research laboratories in Soviet-era labor camps, to the legalization of government monitoring of all telephone and Internet communications in the 1990s, to the present day, their incisive and alarming investigation into the Kremlin's massive online-surveillance state exposes just how easily a free global exchange can be coerced into becoming a tool of repression and geopolitical warfare. Dissidents, oligarchs, and some of the world's most dangerous hackers collide in the uniquely Russian virtual world of the Red Web.

INTERNET--GOVERNMENT POLICY--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- INTERNET--POLITICAL ASPECTS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE--RUSSIA (FEDERATION)

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Social media has fundamentally changed communication and interaction in today's society. Apart from being used by individuals, it is also omnipresent in public sector organisations such as the armed forces. This book examines the opportunities and risks associated with social media in the context of the armed forces from an international, social scientific perspective. It discuses the impact of social media in the everyday life of military personnel and analyses the extent to which social media influences their performance, be it as a distraction or as a source of perceived appreciation. It particularly highlights the representation of masculinity and femininity in military social media channels, since the way gender is portrayed on social media has an effect on how future recruits and - at the other end of the military career spectrum - veterans feel they are approached. The book also focuses on the new form of follow-up discussion, which enables the armed forces to interact with the population. On social media, the armed forces are publicly presented, and this shapes the publics opinions on them. Further, the armed forces can use debates as a monitoring tool of society's attitudes towards them or towards events that have an effect on society. Conversely, social media can lend a voice to military personnel, allowing them to be publicly heard. As discussions on social media can only be controlled to a limited extent, the context in which the armed forces are discussed alters their sphere of influence and potentially leads to a loss of control. An extreme example of this is the use of social media as a tool to strategically distribute misinformation in order to shape public opinion and threaten national security. Moreover, the use of social media to demoralise adversaries or to harm their credibility results in social media being considered a cyber weapon that affects politics and military activities.

SOCIAL MEDIA --- ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKS --- ARMED FORCES --- INTERNET--SOCIAL ASPECTS --- INTERNET--POLITICAL ASPECTS

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The book describes the Internet, and how Internet governance prevents it fragmenting into a ‘Splinternet’. Four opposing ideologies about how data flows around the network have become prominent because they are (a) implemented by technical standards, and (b) backed by influential geopolitical entities. Each of these specifies an ‘Internet’, described in relation to its implementation by a specific geopolitical entity. The four Internets of the title are: the Silicon Valley Open Internet, developed by pioneers of the Internet in the 1960s, based on principles of openness and efficient dataflow; the Brussels Bourgeois Internet, exemplified by the European Union, with a focus on human rights and legal administration; the DC Commercial Internet, exemplified by the Washington establishment and its focus on property rights and market solutions; and the Beijing Paternal Internet, exemplified by the Chinese government’s control of Internet content. These Internets have to coexist if the Internet as a whole is to remain connected. The book also considers the weaponization of the hacking ethic as the Moscow Spoiler model, exemplified by Russia’s campaigns of misinformation at scale; this is not a vision of the Internet, but is parasitic on the others. Each of these ideologies is illustrated by a specific policy question. Potential future directions of Internet development are considered, including the policy directions that India might take, and the development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, smart cities, the Internet of Things, and social machines. A conclusion speculates on potential future Internets that may emerge alongside those described.

Internet governance --- Internet --- Political aspects --- Internet governance. --- Political aspects. --- Internet - Political aspects --- Governance, Internet --- Management

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How do autocratic governments exploit communication technology in their efforts to maintain power ? Can prodemocracy activists successfully use that same technology to support the overthrow of autocratic rulers ? The author addresses these two questions, exploring in detail how social media are both aiding and undermining autocratic regimes in the Middle East, North Africa, and the former Soviet republics.

INTERNET--POLITICAL ASPECTS--FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS --- INTERNET--POLITICAL ASPECTS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- INTERNET--POLITICAL ASPECTS--MIDDLE EAST --- SOCIAL MEDIA--POLITICAL ASPECTS--FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS --- SOCIAL MEDIA--POLITICAL ASPECTS--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- SOCIAL MEDIA--POLITICAL ASPECTS--MIDDLE EAST --- AUTHORITARIANISM--FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS --- AUTHORITARIANISM--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- AUTHORITARIANISM--MIDDLE EAST