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Dissertation
Épisode de fortes crues d'été : quel impact sur la faune aquatique (macroinvertébrés et poissons) des cours d'eau en Wallonie ?
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2022 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Abstract

Ce travail consistait à étudier l’impact de la crue de juillet 2021 en Wallonie sur les populations de poissons et de macroinvertébrés sur huit stations réparties au sein de quatre bassins versants : Vesdre, Meuse-Aval, Meuse-Amont et Lesse. Par le biais des indices biotiques, IBGN pour les macroinvertébrés et IBIP pour les poissons, les différents relevés ont été analysés par un test de Student ainsi que par une analyse en composantes principales sur les classes de tolérance à la qualité de l’eau pour les poissons et une analyse factorielle des correspondances sur les groupes indicateurs de la pollution pour les macroinvertébrés. De plus, des indices de diversité (Shannon-Weaver, Equitabilité de Piélou et Richesse spécifique) ont été calculés afin de mieux comprendre la structure des peuplements. Enfin, l’analyse SPEAR a été testée sur les inventaires macroinvertébrés avant crue et en 2022 afin de voir s’il y avait d’autres facteurs qui influençaient les résultats de l’IBGN. L’ensemble des tests ont été réalisés en séparant les stations en deux classes : classe de crue faible et classe de crue forte. Le test de Student a permis de mettre en avant qu’il y avait une différence significative de l’évolution de l’IBIP en fonction des crues faibles et fortes mais aucune différence significative pour l’IBGN. Il est très probable que d’autres facteurs comme l’hydromorphologie et la pollution sont responsables de la réponse des espèces après la crue. Les résultats ont montré des tendances différentes pour les stations au niveau des indices de diversité. Enfin, l’analyse SPEAR n’a pas montré d’effet significatif des différentes molécules dangereuses et des pesticides sur les variations de l’indice IBGN. En conclusion, les stations de la Molignée et du Ruisseau de Leignon ont vu leur qualité s’améliorer depuis le dernier inventaire avant crue. Les stations de la Mehaigne, du Wayai, du Ruisseau de Biran et du Petit Bocq ont varié différemment en fonction de la population étudiée. Par contre, les stations de la Lhomme et de la Hoëgne ont vu leur qualité se dégrader depuis les derniers inventaires avant crue. L’ensemble des résultats de cette étude sont à prendre avec beaucoup de précautions étant donné le faible taux d’échantillonnage (huit stations).


Book
Insurance Distribution Directive : A Legal Analysis
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 3030527387 3030527379 Year: 2021 Publisher: Cham : Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,

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Abstract

This open access volume of the AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation offers the first comprehensive legal and regulatory analysis of the Insurance Distribution Directive (IDD). The IDD came into force on 1 October 2018 and regulates the distribution of insurance products in the EU. The book examines the main changes accompanying the IDD and analyses its impact on insurance distributors, i.e., insurance intermediaries and insurance undertakings, as well as the market. Drawing on interrelations between the rules of the Directive and other fields that are relevant to the distribution of insurance products, it explores various topics related to the interpretation of the IDD – e.g. the harmonization achieved under it; its role as a benchmark for national legislators; and its interplay with other regulations and sciences – while also providing an empirical analysis of the standardised pre-contractual information document. Accordingly, the book offers a wealth of valuable insights for academics, regulators, practitioners and students who are interested in issues concerning insurance distribution.

Keywords

Private international law. --- Conflict of laws. --- Commercial law --- Bank marketing. --- International law. --- Trade. --- Mediation. --- Dispute resolution (Law). --- Conflict management. --- Contracts. --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law . --- European Economic Law. --- Financial Services. --- International Economic Law, Trade Law. --- Dispute Resolution, Mediation, Arbitration. --- Common Contract Law. --- European Economic Community countries. --- Agreements --- Contract law --- Contracts --- Contractual limitations --- Limitations, Contractual --- Legal instruments --- Obligations (Law) --- Juristic acts --- Liberty of contract --- Third parties (Law) --- Conflict control --- Conflict resolution --- Dispute settlement --- Management of conflict --- Managing conflict --- Management --- Negotiation --- Problem solving --- Social conflict --- Crisis management --- ADR (Dispute resolution) --- Alternative dispute resolution --- Appropriate dispute resolution --- Collaborative law --- Dispute processing --- Justice, Administration of --- Mediation --- Neighborhood justice centers --- Good offices (Mediation) --- Conflict management --- Dispute resolution (Law) --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law --- Banks and banking --- Marketing of bank services --- Marketing of banking services --- Marketing --- Choice of law --- Conflict of laws --- Intermunicipal law --- International law, Private --- International private law --- Private international law --- Legal polycentricity --- Law and legislation --- Civil law --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law --- European Economic Law --- Financial Services --- International Economic Law, Trade Law --- Dispute Resolution, Mediation, Arbitration --- Common Contract Law --- Private International Law, International and Foreign Law, Comparative Law --- Insurance Distribution Directive --- Insurance law --- Life Insurance --- Product oversight and governance --- Customer protection --- Insurance intermediaries --- Insurance distributors --- IDD --- insurance undertakings --- EU regulatory framework --- IBIP --- MiFID II --- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) --- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) --- Insurance Product Information Documents --- micro-insurance regulation of South Africa --- Product oversight and governance (POG) --- EU-Versicherungsvertriebsrichtlinie --- open access --- International law --- Comparative law --- Public international law: economic & trade --- Banking --- Arbitration, mediation & alternative dispute resolution --- Comparative law. --- Commercial law. --- European Economic Community. --- Financial services industry. --- Trade regulation. --- Arbitration (Administrative law). --- Common law. --- Private International Law, International and Foreign Law, Comparative Law. --- Anglo-American law --- Law, Anglo-American --- Customary law --- Administrative arbitration --- Arbitration, Administrative --- Administrative law --- Regulation of trade --- Regulatory reform --- Trade regulation --- Consumer protection --- Deregulation --- Services, Financial --- Service industries --- Business --- Business law --- Commerce --- Law, Commercial --- Mercantile law --- Law merchant --- Maritime law --- Comparative jurisprudence --- Comparative legislation --- Jurisprudence, Comparative --- Law, Comparative --- Legislation, Comparative

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