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What Is Cognitive Psychology? identifies the theoretical foundations of cognitive psychology beginning with the basics of information processing. From these foundations, psychologists can identify the architecture of cognition to understand its role in debates about its true nature.

Cognitive Science, Information Processing, Turing Machine, Human Cognition, Primary Memory, Functional Analysis --- Cognitive science. --- Cognitive Science, Information Processing, Turing Machine, Human Cognition, Primary Memory, Functional Analysis.

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Traditional approaches to cognitive psychology correspond with a classical view of logic and probability theory. More specifically, one typically assumes that cognitive processes of human thought are founded on the Boolean structures of classical logic, while the probabilistic aspects of these processes are based on the Kolmogorovian structures of classical probability theory. However, growing experimental evidence indicates that the models founded on classical structures systematically fail when human decisions are at stake. These experimental deviations from classical behavior have been called `paradoxes’, `fallacies’, `effects’ or `contradictions’, depending on the specific situation where they appear. But, they involve a broad spectrum of cognitive and social science domains, ranging from conceptual combination to decision making under uncertainty, behavioral economics, and linguistics. This situation has constituted a serious drawback to the development of various disciplines, like cognitive science, linguistics, artificial intelligence, economic modeling and behavioral finance. A different approach to cognitive psychology, initiated two decades ago, has meanwhile matured into a new domain of research, called ‘quantum cognition’. Its main feature is the use of the mathematical formalism of quantum theory as modeling tool for these cognitive situations where traditional classically based approaches fail. Quantum cognition has recently attracted the interest of important journals and editing houses, academic and funding institutions, popular science and media. Specifically, within a quantum cognition approach, one assumes that human decisions do not necessarily obey the rules of Boolean logic and Kolmogorovian probability, and can on the contrary be modeled by the quantum-mechanical formalism. Different concrete quantum-theoretic models have meanwhile been developed that successfully represent the cognitive situations that are classically problematical, by explaining observed deviations from classicality in terms of genuine quantum effects, such as `contextuality’, `emergence’, `interference’, `superposition’, `entanglement’ and `indistinguishability’. In addition, the validity of these quantum models is convincingly confirmed by new experimental tests. We also stress that, since the use of a quantum-theoretic framework is mainly for modeling purposes, the identification of quantum structures in cognitive processes does not presuppose (without being incompatible with it) the existence of microscopic quantum processes in the human brain. In this Research Topic, we review the major achievements that have been obtained in quantum cognition, by providing an accurate picture of the state-of-the-art of this emerging discipline. Our overview does not pretend to be either complete or exhaustive. But, we aim to introduce psychologists and social scientists to this challenging new research area, encouraging them, at the same time, to consider its promising results. It is our opinion that, if continuous progress in this domain can be realized, quantum cognition can constitute an important breakthrough in cognitive psychology, and potentially open the way towards a new scientific paradigm in social science.

quantum structures --- Quantum cognition paradigm --- decision-making --- social networks --- Cognitive fallacies --- mathematical modeling --- human cognition --- Human perception

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Psychology --- Psychology, Experimental --- Psychologie --- Psychologie expérimentale --- Methodology --- Periodicals. --- Méthodologie --- Périodiques --- Psychology, Experimental. --- Methodology. --- Psychology. --- Experimental psychology --- Behavioral sciences --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- animal cognition --- perception --- attention --- psycholinguistics --- human cognition --- methodology --- Experimental psychologists --- Human biology --- Philosophy --- Soul --- Mental health --- Research --- Experiments --- Health Sciences --- Social Sciences --- Psychiatry & Psychology --- Behavioral Science (Psychology) and Counselling --- Cognitive psychology --- Linguistics

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The brain sciences are influencing our understanding of human behavior as never before, from neuropsychiatry and neuroeconomics to neurotheology and neuroaesthetics. Many now believe that the brain is what makes us human, and it seems that neuroscientists are poised to become the new experts in the management of human conduct. Neuro describes the key developments--theoretical, technological, economic, and biopolitical--that have enabled the neurosciences to gain such traction outside the laboratory. It explores the ways neurobiological conceptions of personhood are influencing everything from child rearing to criminal justice, and are transforming the ways we "know ourselves" as human beings. In this emerging neuro-ontology, we are not "determined" by our neurobiology: on the contrary, it appears that we can and should seek to improve ourselves by understanding and acting on our brains. Neuro examines the implications of this emerging trend, weighing the promises against the perils, and evaluating some widely held concerns about a neurobiological "colonization" of the social and human sciences. Despite identifying many exaggerated claims and premature promises, Neuro argues that the openness provided by the new styles of thought taking shape in neuroscience, with its contemporary conceptions of the neuromolecular, plastic, and social brain, could make possible a new and productive engagement between the social and brain sciences. Copyright note: Reproduction, including downloading of Joan Miro works is prohibited by copyright laws and international conventions without the express written permission of Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. ?

Neuropsychology. --- Neurophysiology --- Psychophysiology --- Neuropsychology --- brein --- hersenen --- neurowetenschappen --- Brain --- Neurosciences --- cerveaux --- neurosciences --- methods --- physiopathology --- Neuropsychologie --- Cognitive psychology --- amygdala. --- animal experiments. --- animal models. --- artificiality. --- behavioral research. --- biological processes. --- brain activation. --- brain function. --- brain imaging data. --- brain imaging. --- brain science. --- brain size. --- brain structure. --- clinical medicine. --- cognition. --- criminal conduct. --- criminal justice system. --- emotion. --- environmental influences. --- evolution. --- functional brain imaging. --- gene expression. --- genomics. --- human antisocial behavior. --- human behavior. --- human brain. --- human cognition. --- human sciences. --- mental illness. --- mental life. --- mental processes. --- mental states. --- molecules. --- mouse brain. --- nerve development. --- nervous system. --- neural activity. --- neural mechanisms. --- neuroaesthetics. --- neurobiological evidence. --- neurobiological self. --- neurobiology. --- neuroeconomics. --- neuromolecular brain. --- neuron regeneration. --- neuronal circuits. --- neuropsychiatry. --- neuroscience. --- neurotheology. --- orbital frontal cortex. --- plastic brain. --- plasticity. --- psychiatric classification. --- psychiatric diagnosis. --- psychiatric disorders. --- psychiatric research. --- psychiatry. --- psychology. --- reductionist approach. --- risk assessment. --- risk management. --- risk reduction. --- self-management. --- self-understanding. --- selfhood. --- social brain hypothesis. --- social brain. --- social groups. --- social sciences. --- sociality. --- somatic individuality. --- synaptic plasticity. --- temporal cortex. --- volition.