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The U.S. home mortgage industry first formalized risk criteria in the 1920s and 1930s to determine which applicants should receive funds. Over the past eighty years, these formulae have become more sophisticated. Guy Stuart demonstrates that the very concepts on which lenders base their decisions reflect a set of social and political values about "who deserves what." Stuart examines the fine line between licit choice and illicit discrimination, arguing that lenders, while eradicating blatantly discriminatory practices, have ignored the racial and economic-class biases that remain encoded in their decision processes. He explains why African Americans and Latinos continue to be at a disadvantage in gaining access to loans: discrimination, he finds, results from the interaction between the way lenders make decisions and the way they shape the social structure of the mortgage and housing markets.Mortgage lenders, Stuart contends, are embedded in and shape a social context that can best be understood in terms of rules, networks, and the production of space. Stuart's history of lenders' risk criteria reveals that they were synthesized from rules of thumb, cultural norms, and untested theories. In addition, his interviews with real estate and lending professionals in the Chicago housing market show us how the criteria are implemented today. Drawing on census and Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data for quantitative support, Stuart concludes with concrete policy proposals that take into account the social structure in which lenders make decisions.

Race discrimination --- Discrimination in housing --- Mortgage loans --- Fair housing --- Housing, Discrimination in --- Open housing --- Race discrimination in housing --- Segregation in housing --- Housing --- United States --- Race relations. --- Race question

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Discrimination in housing --- -New towns --- -New communities --- Satellite cities --- Cities and towns --- Fair housing --- Housing, Discrimination in --- Open housing --- Race discrimination in housing --- Segregation in housing --- Housing --- New towns --- -Discrimination in housing

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The black ghetto is thought of as a place of urban decay and social disarray. Like the historical ghetto of Venice, it is perceived as a space of confinement, one imposed on black America by whites. It is the home of a marginalized underclass and a sign of the depth of American segregation. Yet while black urban neighborhoods have suffered from institutional racism and economic neglect, they have also been places of refuge and community.In A Haven and a Hell, Lance Freeman examines how the ghetto shaped black America and black America shaped the ghetto. Freeman traces the evolving role of predominantly black neighborhoods in northern cities from the late nineteenth century through the present day. At times, the ghetto promised the freedom to build black social institutions and political power. At others, it suppressed and further stigmatized African Americans. Freeman reveals the forces that caused the ghetto's role as haven or hell to wax and wane, spanning the Great Migration, mid-century opportunities, the eruptions of the sixties, the challenges of the seventies and eighties, and present-day issues of mass incarceration, the subprime crisis, and gentrification. Offering timely planning and policy recommendations based in this history, A Haven and a Hell provides a powerful new understanding of urban black communities at a time when the future of many inner-city neighborhoods appears uncertain.

African American neighborhoods --- Discrimination in housing --- Fair housing --- Housing, Discrimination in --- Open housing --- Race discrimination in housing --- Segregation in housing --- Housing --- Afro-American neighborhoods --- Neighborhoods, African American --- Ethnic neighborhoods --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions. --- History. --- United States --- Race relations

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Discrimination in housing --- Minorities --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Fair housing --- Housing, Discrimination in --- Open housing --- Race discrimination in housing --- Segregation in housing --- Housing --- Government policy --- Sociology of environment --- Utrecht

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This book provides the first in depth interpretation of how to understand the causes of ethnic residential segregation across Western European countries and the USA. In many countries, ethnic minorities have obtained low quality housing and may be concentrated in certain parts of cities. This book asks to what extent ethnic segregation can be assigned to special preferences for housing and neighbourhoods among ethnic minorities. Is it the behaviour of the native majority, or is it a result of housing and urban policies? Ethnic segregation differs greatly across European countries and cities. Chapters discuss the extent to which these differences can be explained by welfare state systems, levels of immigration and the ethnic composition of minorities. The book also considers the impact of housing policy and the spatial structure of urban housing markets created by urban planning and policies. This book will appeal to teachers, students and researchers working with segregation, urban sociology and geography. It will also be valuable to civil servants in central and local governments who are working with measures to combat ethnic segregation and its consequences.

Minorities --- Discrimination in housing --- Fair housing --- Housing, Discrimination in --- Open housing --- Race discrimination in housing --- Segregation in housing --- Housing --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- minoriteter --- diskriminering --- boliger --- boligforhold --- Europa