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This report assesses the state of Armenia's sanitation services, which are in poor shape, and proposes ways forward for reforming the sector by: ensuring equitable access by all and identifying solutions that work for the poorest and most remote communities; generating economies of scale and scope, and reducing both investment and operational costs for the efficient delivery of sanitation services; and moving towards sustainable cost recovery for the sanitation sector, by identifying how much funding can be mobilised from within the sector and how much external transfers are required. The state of Armenia's sanitation services are inadequate, with 51% of the population in rural areas using unimproved facilities, causing direct damage to the environment and exposing inhabitants to health risks, and better access but degraded sewerage-system infrastructure in urban areas, posing health hazards due to potential cross-contamination between sewage and drinking water. According to preliminary estimates, EUR 2.6 billion of investments will be required to meet Armenia's sanitation needs, with approximately EUR 1 billion needing to be spent in the next 7 to 10 years. Given the country's current economic situation, this investment will have to be spread over time and targeted to avoid further deterioration of infrastructure and increase of the financing gap.

Sanitation --- Sanitation. --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Economic aspects.

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Water --- Quality Control --- Cost Control --- administration and dosage --- organization and administration --- Cleanliness --- Gezondmaking --- House drainage --- Salubrité publique --- Sanering --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Services sanitaires

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Sanitation. --- Drinking water --- Water-supply --- Purification of drinking water --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Purification. --- Developing countries.

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The generation of wastes as a result of human activities has been continuously speeding up since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Hence, both optimized waste water treatment technologies and modern tools to assess the effects of pollution sources are necessary to prevent the contamination of aquatic ecosystems The book offers an interdisciplinary collection of topics concerning waste water treatment technologies, water quality monitoring and evaluation of waste water impact on natural environments. We hope that this publication will be helpful for graduate students, environmental professionals and researchers of various disciplines related to waste water.

Sewage --- Sewage disposal. --- Sewerage. --- Purification. --- House drainage --- Sewers --- Drainage, House --- Hydraulic structures --- Municipal engineering --- Sanitary engineering --- Underground utility lines --- Drainage --- Plumbing --- Waste disposal --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Effluent treatment --- Purification of sewage --- Sewage treatment --- Water treatment --- Disinfection --- Hydrology & the hydrosphere

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Well-run water utilities play an important role in ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Consumers need reliable access to high quality and affordable water and sanitation services. To deliver these basic services efficiently and effectively requires high-performing utilities that are able to respond to urban growth, to connect with the poor, and to improve wastewater disposal practices. The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities of the World Bank''s Water and Sanitation Program (IBNET) has been involved in water sector monitoring since 1997. IBNET works

Water utilities --- Sanitation --- Municipal services --- Municipal services within corporate limits --- Public services --- Cleanliness --- House drainage --- Sanitary affairs --- Sanitation services --- Sanitation systems --- Water companies --- Municipal government --- Public utilities --- Environmental health --- Hygiene --- Public health --- Sanitary engineering --- Water-supply