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Applied arts. Arts and crafts --- enameling --- engraving [action] --- etching [corroding] --- granulation --- decoration [process] --- hot-rolling --- decorations [ornamental works] --- stamps [tools]

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In the current Special Issue of Metals, we present six contributions from academia and industry. Based on their latest research developments, and achievements in their applied research field, the contributors elucidate the effect of temperature during forming operations that were closely analyzed via texture evaluation, present the opportunities that derive from microstructure and process simulation, and show how trace elements may affect critical properties in the performance of metallic materials. Bridging the gap between academia and industry, they provide all the necessary theoretical background through basic and applied research to meet the requirements for industrial application of the new and steadily optimized materials and concepts.

DC Casting --- 5182 alloy --- crystallographic texture --- hot rolling --- cold rolling --- crystallographic components --- microstructural evolution --- aluminum --- LS-DYNA --- crown --- camber --- cooling --- temperature evolution --- hot ductility --- reactor pressure vessel steel --- grain boundary segregation --- dynamic recrystallization --- grain boundary sliding --- Al-Mg-Si alloys --- phase-field --- heat-treatment --- recrystallisation --- ageing --- precipitation hardening --- micress --- thermocalc --- pearlitic steel --- cold drawing --- second-phase particles --- non-metallic inclusions --- 3104 alloy --- tensile testing --- n/a

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The microstructures of both martensite and bainite, although sharing some common features, depict a plethora of subtle differences that made them unique when studied in further detail. Tailoring the final properties of a microstructure based on one or the other as well as in combination with others and exploring more sophisticated concepts, such as Q&P and nanostructured bainite, are the topics which are the focus of research around the world. In understanding the key microstructural parameters controlling the final properties as well as definition of adequate process parameters to attain the desired microstructures requires that a proper understanding of the mechanism ruling their transformation and a detailed characterization first be acheived. The development of new and powerful scientific techniques and equipment (EBSD, APT, HRTEM, etc.) allow us to gain fundamental insights that help to establish some of the principles by which those microstructures are known. The developments accompanying such findings lead to further developments and intensive research providing the required metallurgical support.

n/a --- TRIP --- tempering --- modeling --- microstructure --- nanobainite --- lenticular martensite --- stainless steel --- carbonitrides precipitation --- carbide precipitation --- bainitic ferrite --- EBSD --- hot rolling --- fatigue --- transmission Kikuchi diffraction --- transmission electron microscopy --- medium-Mn steel --- dilatometry --- industrialization --- molybdenum --- ausforming --- offshore steels --- welding --- Q&amp --- creep resistant steels --- inductive measurements --- metastable austenite --- retained austenite --- mechanical properties --- martensite --- carbon partitioning --- transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) --- thermomechanical treatment --- phase transformation --- transformation kinetics --- kinetics --- MX nanoprecipitates --- phase equilibrium --- steel --- electron backscattering diffraction --- titanium --- impact toughness --- surface modification --- bainitic/martensitic ferrite --- retained austenite stability --- dilatation behavior --- P --- tempered martensite embrittlement --- yield strength --- bainite --- high strength steel --- tensile ductility --- synchrotron --- niobium --- microalloyed steels --- ultrahigh strength steel --- low temperature bainite --- strain-induced martensite --- plate thickness --- ferritic/martensitic steel --- austenite decomposition --- nitrocarburising --- high carbon steels --- Kernel average misorientation --- austempering --- martensitic steel --- HEXRD --- direct quenched

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Machine learning (ML) technologies are emerging in Mechanical Engineering, driven by the increasing availability of datasets, coupled with the exponential growth in computer performance. In fact, there has been a growing interest in evaluating the capabilities of ML algorithms to approach topics related to metal forming processes, such as: Classification, detection and prediction of forming defects; Material parameters identification; Material modelling; Process classification and selection; Process design and optimization. The purpose of this Special Issue is to disseminate state-of-the-art ML applications in metal forming processes, covering 10 papers about the abovementioned and related topics.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Mining technology & engineering --- sheet metal forming --- uncertainty analysis --- metamodeling --- machine learning --- hot rolling strip --- edge defects --- intelligent recognition --- convolutional neural networks --- deep-drawing --- kriging metamodeling --- multi-objective optimization --- FE (Finite Element) AutoForm robust analysis --- defect prediction --- mechanical properties prediction --- high-dimensional data --- feature selection --- maximum information coefficient --- complex network clustering --- ring rolling --- process energy estimation --- metal forming --- thermo-mechanical FEM analysis --- artificial neural network --- aluminum alloy --- mechanical property --- UTS --- topological optimization --- artificial neural networks (ANN) --- machine learning (ML) --- press-brake bending --- air-bending --- three-point bending test --- sheet metal --- buckling instability --- oil canning --- artificial intelligence --- convolution neural network --- hot rolled strip steel --- defect classification --- generative adversarial network --- attention mechanism --- deep learning --- mechanical constitutive model --- finite element analysis --- plasticity --- parameter identification --- full-field measurements --- n/a

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Nano- and microdispersed systems can be defined as dispersions of the nano- and microparticles (droplets, bubbles) of one material within a continuous phase of another material (gas, liquid, solid). Such systems are very widespread in nature. The most common examples include soils, aerosols, minerals, and various natural colloids. Nano- and microdispersed systems are also the subject of active research and represent a techno-economic sector with full expansion in many application domains. Nano- and microdispersed systems have gained prominence in technological advancements due to their diverse physicochemical and mechanical properties, including wettability, dispersion stability, electrical and thermal conductivity, and catalytic activity, resulting in enhanced performance over their counterparts with a particle size above 1 µm. Such systems are of interest to various research areas, including the development of new polymers and ceramic composites, sensors, biomaterials, energy conversion devices, wastewater treatment strategies, and many other applications. The present Special Issue of Processes will include recent enhancements in the synthesis and application of various types of nano- and microdispersed systems and will help to expand scientific cooperation in this important field of research.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- sorption --- heavy metals --- radioactive metals --- potassium titanate --- ion exchange --- natural rubber --- maleated natural rubber --- maleic anhydride --- Halloysite Nanotubes --- silver nanodecahedron --- SERS --- photochemical synthesis --- LEDs --- spark plasma sintering --- nanomodification --- mechanical processing --- densification --- mechanical properties --- low-carbon steels of the ferritic class --- nanoscale phase precipitates --- strength characteristics --- steel composition --- hot rolling --- structure --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- 2,5-diformylfuran --- TiO2 --- electrochemical synthesis --- pulse alternating current --- CVD process --- doping --- single-crystal diamond --- boron --- triethyl borate --- thin films --- boron-doped diamond --- polymer composite --- sorbent --- wastewater --- polyvinyl butyral --- potassium polytitanate --- direct ethanol fuel cell --- platinum-based catalyst --- electrocatalysis --- nanoparticles --- platinum catalyst --- synthesis method --- polyol process --- electrochemical dispersion --- alternating current --- ethanol electrooxidation --- fuel cell --- carbon quantum dots --- polarization fluorescent analysis --- fluorescence properties --- copper cation --- water samples --- n/a