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Economic law --- 658.11 --- Cartels --- Competition --- Price fixing --- Collusion on pricing --- Collusive pricing --- Fixing, Price --- Horizontal price fixing --- Price collusion --- Pricing --- Restraint of trade --- Competition (Economics) --- Competitiveness (Economics) --- Economic competition --- Commerce --- Conglomerate corporations --- Covenants not to compete --- Industrial concentration --- Monopolies --- Open price system --- Supply and demand --- Trusts, Industrial --- Combinations, Industrial --- Combinations in restraint of trade --- Industrial combinations --- Big business --- Commodity control --- Interlocking directorates --- Kinds and forms of enterprise --- Law and legislation --- 658.11 Kinds and forms of enterprise --- Economic aspects --- Competition.

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The book describes and analyzes the formation, operation, and impacts of modern global cartels. It provides a broad picture of the economics, competition law and history of international price fixing. A deeper understanding of the phenomenon is afforded by intensive case studies of collusion in the markets for lysine, citric acid, and vitamins. Particular attention is given to the economic injuries sustained by the cartels' customers. The author assesses whether antitrust enforcement by the European Union, the United States, and other countries is capable of deterring cartels in the foreseeable future.

Price fixing --- Cartels --- Combinations, Industrial --- Combinations in restraint of trade --- Industrial combinations --- Collusion on pricing --- Collusive pricing --- Fixing, Price --- Horizontal price fixing --- Price collusion --- Law and legislation --- Industrial organization. --- International economics. --- Law and economics. --- Economics. --- Industrial Organization. --- Law and Economics. --- International Economics. --- Big business --- Competition --- Industrial concentration --- Monopolies --- Restraint of trade --- Commodity control --- Interlocking directorates --- Trusts, Industrial --- Pricing --- Economics and jurisprudence --- Economics and law --- Jurisprudence and economics --- Economics --- Jurisprudence --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Industries --- Organization --- Industrial management --- Industrial sociology

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Sea transport. Seaports --- European Union --- Antitrust law --- Concurrence --- Droit --- Price fixing --- Transportation --- Freight and freightage --- Shipping --- Containerization --- Rates --- -Freight and freightage --- -Price fixing --- -Shipping --- -Transportation --- -Public transportation --- Transport --- Transportation, Primitive --- Transportation companies --- Transportation industry --- Locomotion --- Commerce --- Communication and traffic --- Storage and moving trade --- Marine shipping --- Marine transportation --- Maritime shipping --- Ocean --- Ocean traffic --- Ocean transportation --- Sea transportation --- Shipping industry --- Water transportation --- Marine service --- Merchant marine --- Collusion on pricing --- Collusive pricing --- Fixing, Price --- Horizontal price fixing --- Price collusion --- Pricing --- Restraint of trade --- Affreightment --- Cargo --- Freight handling --- Contracts, Maritime --- Materials handling --- Tonnage --- Combined transport --- Container transportation --- Intermodal transportation --- Containers --- -Rates --- -Economic aspects --- Economic aspects --- Freight --- -Containerization --- Public transportation --- Freight transportation --- Freightage --- Price fixing - European Union countries --- Transportation - Rates - European Union countries --- Freight and freightage - Rates - European Union countries --- Shipping - Rates - European Union countries --- Containerization - European Union countries - Rates

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Microeconomics --- Economic law --- United States --- Antitrust law --- Price fixing --- Concurrence --- Prix --- Droit --- Fixation --- 351.82*6 <73> --- 334.75 --- -Price fixing --- -Collusion on pricing --- Collusive pricing --- Fixing, Price --- Horizontal price fixing --- Price collusion --- Pricing --- Restraint of trade --- Anti-trust law --- Competition --- Competition law --- Trusts, Industrial --- Commercial law --- Trade regulation --- Mededingingsrecht. Kartelrecht--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- Bedrijfsconcentraties. Economische concentratie. Monopolies. Fusies. Merger. Kartel. Trust. Antitrust --- Law and legislation --- Law --- -Mededingingsrecht. Kartelrecht--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- 334.75 Bedrijfsconcentraties. Economische concentratie. Monopolies. Fusies. Merger. Kartel. Trust. Antitrust --- 351.82*6 <73> Mededingingsrecht. Kartelrecht--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- -334.75 Bedrijfsconcentraties. Economische concentratie. Monopolies. Fusies. Merger. Kartel. Trust. Antitrust --- Collusion on pricing --- United States of America

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Throughout the world, the rule against price fixing is competition law's most important and least controversial prohibition. Yet there is far less consensus than meets the eye on what constitutes price fixing, and prevalent understandings conflict with the teachings of oligopoly theory that supposedly underlie modern competition policy. Competition Policy and Price Fixing provides the needed analytical foundation. It offers a fresh, in-depth exploration of competition law's horizontal agreement requirement, presents a systematic analysis of how best to address the problem of coordinated oligopolistic price elevation, and compares the resulting direct approach to the orthodox prohibition. In doing so, Louis Kaplow elaborates the relevant benefits and costs of potential solutions, investigates how coordinated price elevation is best detected in light of the error costs associated with different types of proof, and examines appropriate sanctions. Existing literature devotes remarkably little attention to these key subjects and instead concerns itself with limiting penalties to certain sorts of interfirm communications. Challenging conventional wisdom, Kaplow shows how this circumscribed view is less well grounded in the statutes, principles, and precedents of competition law than is a more direct, functional proscription. More important, by comparison to the communications-based prohibition, he explains how the direct approach targets situations that involve both greater social harm and less risk of chilling desirable behavior--and is also easier to apply.

Price fixing. --- Antitrust law. --- Competition --- Anti-trust law --- Competition law --- Trusts, Industrial --- Commercial law --- Trade regulation --- Collusion on pricing --- Collusive pricing --- Fixing, Price --- Horizontal price fixing --- Price collusion --- Pricing --- Restraint of trade --- Government policy. --- Law and legislation --- Law --- Antitrust law --- Price fixing --- Government policy --- EU Article 101. --- European Union. --- Sherman Act Section 1. --- Supreme Court precedents. --- U.S. antitrust law. --- U.S. lower court. --- adjudication. --- agreement requirement. --- alternative rule. --- burden of proof. --- cheating. --- chilling effects. --- circumstantial evidence. --- classic cartels. --- communication-based prohibition. --- communications technology. --- communications-based prohibition. --- communications. --- competition law. --- competition policy. --- competition rules. --- consumer welfare. --- contrasting approaches. --- conventional prohibition. --- coordinated behavior. --- coordinated oligopoly pricing. --- coordinated price elevation. --- corporate strategy. --- decision-making framework. --- decision-theoretic approach. --- detection. --- deterrence benefits. --- deterrence. --- differentiated products. --- differentiation. --- direct approach. --- game theory. --- homogeneous goods. --- horizontal agreements. --- horizontal-restraints cases. --- indirect approach. --- industry conditions. --- injunctions. --- institutional issues. --- interdependence. --- interdependent coordination. --- interfirm communication. --- interfirm communications. --- internal evidence. --- investigation. --- language. --- liability assessment. --- liability. --- lower courts. --- market behavior. --- market conditions. --- market-based evidence. --- market-based techniques. --- modern competition policy. --- modern oligopoly theory. --- monetary sanctions. --- negative behavioral effects. --- nonprice coordination. --- nonprice terms. --- oligopolies. --- oligopolistic coordination. --- oligopolistic industries. --- oligopolistic price elevation. --- oligopoly behavior. --- oligopoly theory. --- orthodox prohibition. --- paradox of proof. --- polar-opposite cases. --- price coordination. --- price cutting. --- price elevation. --- price fixing. --- price-fixing cases. --- price-fixing prohibition. --- prior scholarship. --- pure interdependence. --- remedies. --- sanctions. --- social welfare consequences. --- social welfare. --- unilateral market power.