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In this book, Beatrice E. Kitzinger explores the power of representation in the Carolingian period, demonstrating how images were used to assert the value and efficacy of art works. She focuses on the cross, Christianity's central sign, which simultaneously commemorates sacred history, functions in the present, and prepares for the end of time. It is well recognized that the visual attributes of the cross were designed to communicate its theology relative to history and eschatology; Kitzinger argues that early medieval artists also developed a formal language to articulate its efficacious powers in the present day. Defined through form and text as the sign of the present, the image of the cross articulated the instrumentality of religious objects and built spaces. Whereas medieval and modern scholars have pondered the theological problems posed by representation, Kitzinger here proposes a visual argument that affirms the self-reflexive value of art works in the early medieval West. Introducing little-known sources, she re-evaluates both the image of the cross and the project of book-making in an expanded field of Carolingian painting.

Crosses. --- Holy Cross in art. --- Christian art and symbolism --- Art, Carolingian --- Themes, motives. --- Crosses --- Holy Cross in art --- Christian art and symbolism - Medieval, 500-1500 --- Art, Carolingian - Themes, motives

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Holy Cross in art. --- Mural painting and decoration, Italian --- Painting, Renaissance --- Sainte Croix dans l'art --- Peinture et décoration murales italiennes --- Peinture de la Renaissance --- Piero, --- San Francesco (Church : Arezzo, Italy)

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The cross stirs intense feelings among Christians as well as non-Christians. Robin Jensen takes readers on an intellectual and spiritual journey through the two-thousand-year evolution of the cross as an idea and an artifact, illuminating the controversies--along with the forms of devotion--this central symbol of Christianity inspires. Jesus's death on the cross posed a dilemma for Saint Paul and the early Church fathers. Crucifixion was a humiliating form of execution reserved for slaves and criminals. How could their messiah and savior have been subjected to such an ignominious death? Wrestling with this paradox, they reimagined the cross as a triumphant expression of Christ's sacrificial love and miraculous resurrection. Over time, the symbol's transformation raised myriad doctrinal questions, particularly about the crucifix--the cross with the figure of Christ--and whether it should emphasize Jesus's suffering or his glorification. How should Jesus's body be depicted: alive or dead, naked or dressed? Should it be shown at all? Jensen's wide-ranging study focuses on the cross in painting and literature, the quest for the "true cross" in Jerusalem, and the symbol's role in conflicts from the Crusades to wars of colonial conquest. The Cross also reveals how Jews and Muslims viewed the most sacred of all Christian emblems and explains its role in public life in the West today.--

Crosses --- Crosses in art. --- Holy Cross --- Holy Cross in art. --- Cross --- Feast of the Cross --- Calvaries --- Crucifixes --- Roods --- Signs and symbols --- Crucifixion --- History. --- crucifixes --- History of civilization --- art history --- iconography --- Iconography --- Crosses. --- Holy Cross. --- Croix dans l'art --- Sainte Croix dans l'art --- Crosses in art --- Holy Cross in art --- 247.6 --- 247.6 Kaarsen. Flabella. Kruisen. Mijter. Troon. Tiara --- Kaarsen. Flabella. Kruisen. Mijter. Troon. Tiara --- History --- Crosses - History --- Holy Cross - History --- Croix

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A focus on crucified saints (like Christ in their death, unlike in its significance) has enabled this volume?s contributors to explore varied aspects of martyrdom, the ascription of sanctity, purification from sins, and the significance of multiple forms of crucifixion ? both literal and metaphorical ? from early Christianity to the present day, including examinations of the role of crucifixion in Islamic and secular settings, in its representation in sacred and non-Christian fiction, and in art.0Together these papers explore how the centrality of the cruci?x that we sometimes take for granted took longer in affirming itself and how cruci?ed saints played a signi?cant role in mediating and establishing the rationale for this presence and guiding the understanding of the process of redemption.

Heilige. --- Martyrium. --- Kreuz. --- Hagiografie. --- Kreuzigung. --- Heiliger. --- Heiligkeit. --- Kunst. --- Saints in art. --- Saints in literature. --- Martyrdom in art. --- Martyrdom in literature. --- Holy Cross in art. --- Hagiography. --- Crucifixion in art. --- Saints in art --- Saints in literature --- Martyrdom in art --- Martyrdom in literature --- Holy Cross in art --- Hagiography --- Crucifixion in art --- Crucifixion --- Art --- Art, Occidental --- Art, Primitive --- Art, Visual --- Art, Western (Western countries) --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Visual --- Fine arts --- Iconography --- Occidental art --- Visual arts --- Western art (Western countries) --- Arts --- Aesthetics --- Capital punishment --- Crosses --- Executions and executioners --- Hagiology --- Saints

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During the late 16th century the cross became a popular theme in art, particularly in Italy and southern Germany. This study focuses on the cross as a triumphal symbol of the spiritual and worldly claim to power.

Christian religion --- Iconography --- anno 1500-1599 --- Holy Cross in art --- Christianity and art --- Art, Italian --- Art --- Religious architecture --- Catholic Church --- Oratorianen --- crucifixes --- Beieren, Sint-Michaelskerk --- München, St. Michaelskerk --- beeldenstorm --- H. Kruis --- obelisks [monumental pillars] --- relics --- Borromeo, Charles --- Baronius, Caesar --- Society of Jesus --- Jerusalem --- Rome --- Milan --- Christianity and art - Catholic Church --- Art, Italian - 16th century --- Art - Germany, Southern - 16th century --- Religious architecture - Italy - 16th century --- Religious architecture - Germany, Southern - 16th century --- Croix --- Contre-Réforme --- Christelijke kunst