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A regional convergence pact adopted recently by the Conference of Heads of States of WAEMU provides a framework for fiscal convergence similar to the European Union’s Maastricht Treaty. Using bivariate co-integration and error-correction models, this paper investigates the relationship between revenue and expenditure in seven member countries to determine the feasibility and nature of the policy adjustment required to meet the new convergence criteria. The results indicate that, in the long run, there is causality running from revenue to expenditure in Burkina Faso and Senegal, from expenditure to revenue in Benin and Togo, a bidirectional causality in Côte d’Ivoire and Mali, and no causality in Niger.

Budgeting --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- History of Thought: Macroeconomics --- Hypothesis Testing --- Estimation --- Fiscal Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Public finance & taxation --- Budgeting & financial management --- Expenditure --- Budget planning and preparation --- Government debt management --- Fiscal stance --- Fiscal policy --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Expenditures, Public --- Budget --- Debts, Public --- Niger

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This paper evaluates the impact of the sociopolitical crisis in Côte d'Ivoire on the economies of its neighbors. Using a nonsubjective weighted index of regional instability in cross-country time-series regressions, it shows that the increase in regional instability caused by domestic instability in Côte d'Ivoire had a negative effect on the growth performance of its most direct neighbors, but no significant effect on the subregion as a whole including the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The paper also examines the channels through which such spillover effects took place.

Exports and Imports --- Investments: General --- Public Finance --- History of Thought: Macroeconomics --- Neoclassical --- Trade: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- International economics --- Finance --- Macroeconomics --- Public finance & taxation --- Exports --- Imports --- Foreign direct investment --- Private investment --- Expenditure --- International trade --- Balance of payments --- National accounts --- Investments, Foreign --- Saving and investment --- Expenditures, Public --- Côte d'Ivoire

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Whereas the economics discipline possesses a highly refined theoretical apparatus to analyze the effects of government behaviour on the economy, it has not (yet) managed to fully develop a positively formulated "economic theory of politics" that would permit the integration of the decision-making processes of voters, parties and governments with those of consumers and firms. Considerable recent advances notwithstanding, the large and heterogeneous body of literature has (so far) remained outside the economic mainstrain. The paper surveys the main approaches used to endogenize democratic elements and assesses the underlying reasons for researchers' renewed interest in this field.

Inflation --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines --- History of Thought: Macroeconomics --- Models of Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior --- Policy Objectives --- Policy Designs and Consistency --- Policy Coordination --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic growth --- Unemployment --- Personal income --- Unemployment rate --- Business cycles --- Prices --- National accounts --- Income --- United States

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The IMF Working Papers series is designed to make IMF staff research available to a wide audience. Almost 300 Working Papers are released each year, covering a wide range of theoretical and analytical topics, including balance of payments, monetary and fiscal issues, global liquidity, and national and international economic developments.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Labor --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Demand for Money --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Time-Series Models --- Dynamic Quantile Regressions --- Dynamic Treatment Effect Models --- Diffusion Processes --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Comparative Studies of Particular Economies --- Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models --- Neoclassical --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Studies of Particular Policy Episodes --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: General --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Prices --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: National Income, Product, and Expenditure --- Money --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Performance and Prospects --- Policy Objectives --- Policy Designs and Consistency --- Policy Coordination --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- Economic Development: Agriculture --- Natural Resources --- Energy --- Environment --- Other Primary Products --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- International Finance: Other --- Market Structure and Pricing: General --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Factor and Product Markets --- Industry Studies --- Population --- Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Comparative Studies of Countries --- Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Housing Demand --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Expectations --- Speculations --- Hypothesis Testing --- Estimation --- Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Financial Economics --- One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models --- General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: General --- Agriculture: General --- Geographic Labor Mobility --- Immigrant Workers --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Multinational Firms --- International Business --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- International Fiscal Issues --- International Public Goods --- History of Thought: Macroeconomics --- International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions --- Monetary Policy --- Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: General --- Economic Growth of Open Economies --- Structure and Scope of Government: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems --- Firm Organization and Market Structure --- Retail and Wholesale Trade --- e-Commerce --- Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: General --- Accounting and Auditing: General --- Model Construction and Estimation --- Efficiency --- Optimal Taxation --- Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Planning, Coordination, and Reform --- Index Numbers and Aggregation --- leading indicators --- Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data --- Data Access --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Business Administration: General --- Corporate Culture --- Diversity --- Social Responsibility --- Accounting --- Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: General, International, or Comparative --- Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Africa --- Oceania --- Development Planning and Policy: General --- Development Planning and Policy: Other --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- Unemployment Insurance --- Severance Pay --- Plant Closings --- Financial Aspects of Economic Integration --- International Factor Movements and International Business: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Money Supply --- Credit --- Money Multipliers --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Organizational Behavior --- Transaction Costs --- Property Rights --- Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Stabilization --- Treasury Policy --- Economywide Country Studies: Europe --- Economic Integration --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wage Differentials --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes --- International Policy Coordination and Transmission --- Fiscal Policy --- National Security and War --- Asymmetric and Private Information --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Forecasting and Simulation --- Trade: General --- Macroeconomics --- International economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Real exchange rates --- Monetary unions --- Currencies --- Commodity prices --- Economic integration --- Prices --- Labor market --- Exports --- United States