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La nuit du 4 août 1789 est au cœur de notre mémoire historique : à Versailles, la France unanime consacre, dans les embrassades et les pleurs, l'abandon des privilèges. Deux siècles après, la "nuit mémorable" nous impose encore l'image de l'unité et de l'homogénéité nationales. Jean-Pierre Hirsch retrace ici les moments et la logique d'une improvisation politique promise à une notoriété universelle. Compromis génial, l'invention du 4 août fonde un ordre politique. Dans les mots seulement? La moisson rentrée, ne pouvait-on garder la semence des privilèges?.

Historical models.

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Historical models --- Historical museums --- History --- Research

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historical models --- Gent, Sint-Baafskathedraal --- Het Lam Gods --- Eyck, van, Hubert --- Eyck, van, Jan

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Many historical processes are dynamic. Populations grow and decline. Empires expand and collapse. Religions spread and wither. Natural scientists have made great strides in understanding dynamical processes in the physical and biological worlds using a synthetic approach that combines mathematical modeling with statistical analyses. Taking up the problem of territorial dynamics--why some polities at certain times expand and at other times contract--this book shows that a similar research program can advance our understanding of dynamical processes in history. Peter Turchin develops hypotheses from a wide range of social, political, economic, and demographic factors: geopolitics, factors affecting collective solidarity, dynamics of ethnic assimilation/religious conversion, and the interaction between population dynamics and sociopolitical stability. He then translates these into a spectrum of mathematical models, investigates the dynamics predicted by the models, and contrasts model predictions with empirical patterns. Turchin's highly instructive empirical tests demonstrate that certain models predict empirical patterns with a very high degree of accuracy. For instance, one model accounts for the recurrent waves of state breakdown in medieval and early modern Europe. And historical data confirm that ethno-nationalist solidarity produces an aggressively expansive state under certain conditions (such as in locations where imperial frontiers coincide with religious divides). The strength of Turchin's results suggests that the synthetic approach he advocates can significantly improve our understanding of historical dynamics.

Historical sociology --- Historische sociologie --- Sociologie [Historische ] --- Sociologie historique --- Sociology [Historical ] --- Historiometry. --- History --- Mathematical models. --- Historiometry --- Historiometrics --- Biography --- Psychohistory --- Historical models --- Mathematical models --- Methodology --- Psychological aspects --- Statistical methods

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Miniature Monuments: Modeling German History offers a series of essays on small-scale models of bombed out cities. Created between 1946 and the present, these plastic renderings of places provide eerie glimpses of destruction and devastation resulting of the air war. This study thus permits fresh angles on post-war responses to the compounded losses of WW II, and it does so through considering these "miniature monuments" (of, among others, Frankfurt, Munich, Schwetzingen, Heilbronn and Hiroshima) in a deep cultural history that interlaces the sixteenth, eighteenth, and twentieth centuries. Three-dimensional renderings in diminutive size have rarely been subjected to rigorous theoretical reflection. Conventionally, models, whether of ruins or intact spaces, have been assumed to be "easily legible"; that is, they have been assumed to be vehicles of the authentic. Yet rubble and other models should be theorized as complex simulacra of abstract realities and catalysts of memories. Miniature Monuments thus tackles a haunting paradox: building ruins. The book elucidates how utterly contingent processes of crumbling and collapse (the English words for the Latin ruina) came to command such great interest in modern Europe that tremendous efforts were taken to uncover, render, and, most of all, recreate ruins.

Historiography --- Historical models. --- History --- Models, Historical --- Models and modelmaking --- Models --- Methodology --- Historiographie --- Modèles historiques --- German history. --- cultural history. --- memory. --- ruins. --- urban history.