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Informed by detailed analysis of data from large-scale diachronic corpora, this book is a comprehensive account of changes to the expression of negation in English. Its methodological approach brings together up-to-date techniques from corpus linguistics and minimalist syntactic analysis to identify and characterise a series of interrelated changes affecting negation during the period 800-1700. Phillip Wallage uses cutting-edge statistical techniques and large-scale corpora to model changes in English negation over a period of nine hundred years. These models provide crucial empirical evidence which reveals the specific processes of syntactic and functional change affecting early English negation, and identifies diachronic relationships between these processes.

English language --- Linguistic change. --- Historical grammar. --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Language and languages --- Negatives. --- Grammar. --- Variation. --- Dialects --- Germanic languages --- Linguistic change --- Historical grammar --- Negatives --- Grammar --- Variation

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Focusing on the sociolinguistic history of Germanic languages, the current volume challenges the traditional teleological approach of language historiography. The 30 contributions present alternative histories of ten 'big' as well as 'small' Germanic languages and varieties in the last 300 years. Topics covered in this book include language variation and change and the politics of language contact and choice, seen against the background of standardization processes of written and oral text genres and from the viewpoint of larger sections of the population.

Germanic languages --- History --- Variation --- Standardization --- Political aspects --- History. --- Political aspects. --- Variation. --- Teutonic languages --- Indo-European languages --- Standardization&delete& --- Germanic languages - History --- Germanic languages - Variation --- Germanic languages - Standardization - History --- Germanic languages - Standardization - Political aspects --- Germanic languages. --- Historical Linguistics. --- Historical Sociolinguistics. --- Historical grammar. --- Social History. --- LINGUISTIQUE HISTORIQUE --- LANGAGE ET LANGUES --- SOCIOLINGUISTIQUE --- NORMALISATION --- PAYS DE LANGUES GERMANIQUES --- VARIATION --- ASPECT POLITIQUE --- Langues

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A lot of what we know about “exotic languages” is owed to the linguistic activities of missionaries. They had the languages put into writing, described their grammar and lexicon, and worked towards a standardization, which often came with Eurocentric manipulation. Colonial missionary work as intellectual (religious) conquest formed part of the Europeans' political colonial rule, although it sometimes went against the specific objectives of the official administration. In most cases, it did not help to stop (or even reinforced) the displacement and discrimination of those languages, despite oftentimes providing their very first (sometimes remarkable, sometimes incorrect) descriptions. This volume presents exemplary studies on Catholic and Protestant missionary linguistics, in the framework of the respective colonial situation and policies under Spanish, German, or British rule. The contributions cover colonial contexts in Latin America, Africa, and Asia across the centuries. They demonstrate how missionaries dealing with linguistic analyses and descriptions cooperated with colonial institutions and how their linguistic knowledge contributed to European domination. Ein Großteil des Wissens über „exotische“ Sprachen verdanken wir den linguistischen Aktivitäten der Missionare. Ihr Beitrag belief sich v.a. auf die Verschriftlichung, die Beschreibung der Grammatik und Lexik sowie auf die Standardisierung, was in manchen Fällen mit einer eurozentristischen Manipulation der beschriebenen Sprachen einherging. Insgesamt war die koloniale Missionierung als geistige (religiöse) Eroberung Teil der politischen Kolonialherrschaft, auch wenn sie manchmal im Widerstreit zur Kolonialverwaltung stand. Die Verdrängung und Diskriminierung der Sprachen hat sie jedenfalls, trotz der meistens ersten, z.T. bewundernswerten, z.T. fehlerhaften Beschreibungen selten aufhalten können, bisweilen sogar daran mitgewirkt. Der Band bietet exemplarische Studien über katholische und protestantische Missionarslinguistik unter den Bedingungen der jeweils geltenden Kolonialpolitik unter spanischer, deutscher und britischer Verwaltung in Hispanoamerika, Afrika und Asien in verschiedenen Jahrhunderten. Sie zeigen, wie sprachbeschreibend tätige Missionare mit den Kolonialverwaltungen kooperierten und mit ihrem Wissen zur Herrschaft beitrugen.

Colonialism -- Congresses. --- Language and languages -- Study and teaching -- History -- Congresses. --- Missions -- Linguistic work -- Congresses. --- Language and languages --- Lexicography --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Missions --- Indians --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Study and teaching --- History --- Syntax --- Linguistic work --- Languages --- Aborigines, American --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- Amerindians --- Amerinds --- Pre-Columbian Indians --- Precolumbian Indians --- Ethnology --- Christian missions --- Christianity --- Missions, Foreign --- Religion --- Theology, Practical --- Proselytizing --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Encyclopedias and dictionaries --- Foreign languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Civilization --- Grammar, Comparative --- Indigenous peoples --- Communication, International. --- Colonies --- Linguistic work. --- History. --- International communication --- World communication --- Linguistic work of missions --- Language in missionary work --- Colonial Linguistics. --- Historical Grammar. --- Missionary Linguistics.