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Avec une augmentation progressive de l’espérance de vie depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, on voit s’accroître le pourcentage de personnes âgées dans nos populations occidentales. Dès lors, on observe une augmentation de la prévalence des démences. La forme la plus commune et la plus emblématique est la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) qui touche actuellement plus de 5% de la population adulte. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous sommes particulièrement orientés vers les plaintes cognitives subjectives dans la mesure où il n’existe pas de signes neurologiques spécifiques à la MA. Pour pallier à cela, il peut s'avérer intéressant de prendre en considération les plaintes des sujets de façon anticipée. Néanmoins, ces plaintes sont subjectives et ne garantissent pas un diagnostic précis. Pour plus de précision, analyser les bases cérébrales des patients avec plaintes cognitives subjectives s’avère intéressant afin d’identifier d’éventuelles anomalies. Pour cela, nous avons testé des participants au centre de recherche du Cyclotron. Lors de celui-ci, une évaluation cognitive est réalisée. La mémoire ainsi que les capacités attentionnelles et exécutives sont évaluées. De plus, des questionnaires sont présentées pour évaluer la qualité du sommeil et le niveau de vigilance. Les plaintes cognitives subjectives sont évaluées par la CDS. Enfin, nous avons utilisé la tomographie par émissions de positons et l’imagerie par résonance magnétique pour examiner les caractéristiques cérébrales des participants. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’examiner si la plainte cognitive subjective et le volume hippocampique contribuent au déclin en mémoire épisodique. Pour cela, on compare les performances des participants au temps 0 puis au temps 1 (2 ans après) dans les tâches mnésiques ainsi que le niveau des plaintes cognitives. 
Références bibliographiques Reitz, C., Brayne, C., & Mayeux, R. (2011). Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews Neurology, 7(3), 137.Jessen, F., Feyen, L., Freymann, K., Tepest, R., Maier, W., Heun, R., ... & Scheef, L. (2006). Volume reduction of the entorhinal cortex in subjective memory impairment. Neurobiology of aging, 27(12), 1751-1756.Studart Neto, A., & Nitrini, R. (2016). Subjective cognitive decline: The first clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease?. Dementia & neuropsychologia, 10(3), 170-177.

Plainte cognitive subjective --- Mémoire épisodique --- Hippocampe --- Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie > Psychologie cognitive & théorique

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Pendant la période prénatale et postnatale, l’organisme est très sensible aux facteurs environnementaux en raison de la mise en place et le développement des différents systèmes, tant psychologiques que biologiques. 
Les retardateurs de flamme (PBDEs), utilisés pour ralentir le processus de combustion, sont de polluants persistants qui interagissent avec l’axe thyroïdien. Cette propriété les identifie comme des perturbateurs endocriniens. Chez l’enfant, l’exposition aux PBDEs est associée à une diminution des scores de quotient intellectuel (QI), ainsi qu’à un risque augmenté de déficits d’attention et de troubles du spectre de l'autisme Les modèles animaux mettent en évidence des effets neurotoxiques de l’exposition aux PBDEs. Des altérations comportementales persistantes sont observées après une exposition périnatale, en particulier dans le domaine de l’activité locomotrice et de la cognition, ainsi qu’une diminution des concentrations plasmatiques des hormones thyroïdiennes.
Le but de cette étude est de déterminer les effets d’une exposition périnatale au BDE-47 – in utero et via la lactation –sur le fonctionnement biologique et le comportement. Dans ce but, nous avons exposé des souris C57bl/6 gestantes à une solution contrôle, ou contenant un PBDE, le BDE-47 (0.03 ou 1 mg/kg), du jour de gestation 6 jusqu’au 21e après la mise bas.
Chez les souriceaux, nous avons évalué l’accumulation du BDE-47 dans les cerveaux à travers une chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CG-MC). La fonction thyroïdienne a été examinée par dosage radio-immunologique (RIA) de la thyroxine sérique. La neurogenèse de l’hippocampe a été évaluée chez les animaux contrôles et exposés par immunohistochimie fluorescente. Nous avons aussi évalué la locomotion spontanée à travers le test Open Field, les capacités spatiales à travers le Barnes Maze test, et enfin les capacités attentionnelles par l’Attentional Set-Shifting Task.
Les résultats montrent une accumulation de BDE-47 dans le tissu cérébral des animaux exposés en période périnatale. Les taux de thyroxine ne sont pas significativement affectés par l’exposition au BDE-47. Nous avons observé une diminution modérée, non significative, des progéniteurs neuronaux chez les animaux exposés à la faible dose, mais pas à la dose élevée de BDE-47. Finalement, ni l’activité locomotrice ni les capacités spatiales ou attentionnelles ne semblent pas être affectées par l’exposition périnatale au BDE-47.

PBDEs --- cognition --- Barnes Maze --- Thyroide --- Himmunoistochimie --- Neurogenèse --- Hippocampe --- Flexibilité Cognitive --- Perturbateurs Endocriniens --- Attentional Set-Shifting Task --- Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie > Psychologie animale, éthologie & psychobiologie

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Human medicine --- Hippocampus --- Hippocampus (Brain) --- Hippocampe (Cerveau) --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Périodiques. --- Hippocampus. --- Ammon's Horn --- Hippocampus Proper --- Schaffer Collaterals --- Ammon Horn --- Cornu Ammonis --- Hippocampal Formation --- Subiculum --- Ammons Horn --- Collaterals, Schaffer --- Formation, Hippocampal --- Formations, Hippocampal --- Hippocampal Formations --- Hippocampus Propers --- Horn, Ammon --- Horn, Ammon's --- Proper, Hippocampus --- Propers, Hippocampus --- Subiculums --- Entorhinal Cortex --- Perforant Pathway --- Health Sciences --- Neurology --- Physiology --- Schaffer Collateral --- Collateral, Schaffer

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Since information in the brain is processed by the exchange of spikes among neurons, a study of such group dynamics is extremely important in understanding hippocampus dependent memory. These spike patterns and local field potentials (LFPs) have been analyzed by various statistical methods. These studies have led to important findings of memory information processing. For example, memory-trace replay, a reactivation of behaviorally induced neural patterns during subsequent sleep, has been suggested to play an important role in memory consolidation. It has also been suggested that a ripple/sharp wave event (one of the characteristics of LFPs in the hippocampus) and spiking activity in the cortex have a specific relationship that may facilitate the consolidation of hippocampal dependent memory from the hippocampus to the cortex. The book will provide a state-of-the-art finding of memory information processing through the analysis of multi-neuronal data. The first half of the book is devoted to this analysis aspect. Understanding memory information representation and its consolidation, however, cannot be achieved only by analyzing the data. It is extremely important to construct a computational model to seek an underlying mathematical principle. In other words, an entire picture of hippocampus dependent memory system would be elucidated through close collaboration among experiments, data analysis, and computational modeling. Not only does computational modeling benefit the data analysis of multi-electrode recordings, but it also provides useful insight for future experiments and analyses. The second half of the book will be devoted to the computational modeling of hippocampus-dependent memory.

Neural transmission --- Higher nervous activity --- Hippocampus (Brain) --- Memory --- Transmission nerveuse --- Activité nerveuse supérieure --- Hippocampe (Cerveau) --- Mémoire --- Physiological aspects --- Aspect physiologique --- Medicine. --- Neurobiology. --- Neurosciences. --- Nervous System --- Limbic System --- Models, Biological --- Signal Transduction --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Learning --- Anatomy --- Mental Processes --- Biochemical Processes --- Brain --- Models, Theoretical --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Investigative Techniques --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Central Nervous System --- Chemical Phenomena --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Phenomena and Processes --- Nerve Net --- Models, Neurological --- Physiology --- Synaptic Transmission --- Hippocampus --- Neurons --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Neurology --- Measurement --- Human information processing. --- Memory. --- Activité nerveuse supérieure --- Mémoire --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVBIOLO LIVBIOMO LIVMEDEC SPRINGER-B --- Retention (Psychology) --- Information processing, Human --- Neural networks (Computer science). --- Biomedicine. --- Mathematical Models of Cognitive Processes and Neural Networks. --- Bionics --- Information theory in psychology --- Perception --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Comprehension --- Executive functions (Neuropsychology) --- Mnemonics --- Perseveration (Psychology) --- Reproduction (Psychology) --- Neurosciences --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Neural networks (Computer science) . --- Artificial neural networks --- Nets, Neural (Computer science) --- Networks, Neural (Computer science) --- Neural nets (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Natural computation --- Soft computing

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Neural circuitry. --- Oscillations. --- Cerebral cortex. --- Hippocampus (Brain) --- Réseaux nerveux --- Oscillations --- Cortex cérébral --- Hippocampe (Cerveau) --- Neural circuitry --- Cerebral cortex --- Electroencephalography Phase Synchronization --- Neurons --- Limbic System --- Cerebrum --- Cortical Synchronization --- Pyramidal Cells --- Hippocampus --- Interneurons --- Cerebral Cortex --- Nervous System --- Telencephalon --- Cells --- Electroencephalography --- Brain --- Electrophysiological Processes --- Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological --- Electrodiagnosis --- Anatomy --- Electrophysiological Phenomena --- Prosencephalon --- Central Nervous System --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Physiological Phenomena --- Diagnosis --- Phenomena and Processes --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Neuroscience --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Réseaux nerveux --- Cortex cérébral --- Antemortem Diagnosis --- Diagnoses and Examinations --- Examinations and Diagnoses --- Postmortem Diagnosis --- Antemortem Diagnoses --- Diagnoses --- Diagnoses, Antemortem --- Diagnoses, Postmortem --- Diagnosis, Antemortem --- Diagnosis, Postmortem --- Postmortem Diagnoses --- Disease --- Physiological Concepts --- Physiological Phenomenon --- Physiological Process --- Physiological Processes --- Concept, Physiological --- Concepts, Physiological --- Phenomena, Physiological --- Phenomenas, Physiological --- Phenomenon, Physiological --- Physiological Concept --- Process, Physiological --- Processes, Physiological --- Diagnostic Technics and Procedures --- Technics and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Techniques and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Cerebrospinal Axis --- Axi, Cerebrospinal --- Axis, Cerebrospinal --- Central Nervous Systems --- Cerebrospinal Axi --- Nervous System, Central --- Nervous Systems, Central --- System, Central Nervous --- Systems, Central Nervous --- Forebrain --- Forebrains --- Electrophysiologic Concepts --- Electrophysiologic Phenomena --- Electrophysiological Phenomenon --- Electrophysiological Process --- Electrophysiological Concepts --- Concept, Electrophysiologic --- Concept, Electrophysiological --- Concepts, Electrophysiologic --- Concepts, Electrophysiological --- Electrophysiologic Concept --- Electrophysiological Concept --- Phenomena, Electrophysiologic --- Phenomena, Electrophysiological --- Phenomenon, Electrophysiological --- Process, Electrophysiological --- Processes, Electrophysiological --- Anatomies --- Electrodiagnoses --- Diagnostic Technic, Neurological --- Diagnostic Technics, Neurologic --- Diagnostic Technics, Neurological --- Diagnostic Technique, Neurological --- Diagnostic Techniques, Neurologic --- Neurological Diagnostic Technic --- Neurological Diagnostic Technics --- Neurological Diagnostic Technique --- Neurological Diagnostic Techniques --- Technic, Neurological Diagnostic --- Technics, Neurological Diagnostic --- Technique, Neurological Diagnostic --- Techniques, Neurological Diagnostic --- Diagnostic Technic, Neurologic --- Diagnostic Technique, Neurologic --- Neurologic Diagnostic Technic --- Neurologic Diagnostic Technics --- Neurologic Diagnostic Technique --- Neurologic Diagnostic Techniques --- Technic, Neurologic Diagnostic --- Technics, Neurologic Diagnostic --- Technique, Neurologic Diagnostic --- Techniques, Neurologic Diagnostic --- Encephalon --- Brains --- Encephalons --- Electroencephalogram --- EEG --- Electroencephalograms --- Cell --- Endbrain --- Endbrains --- Nervous Systems --- System, Nervous --- Systems, Nervous --- Allocortex --- Archipallium --- Cortex Cerebri --- Cortical Plate --- Insular Cortex --- Paleocortex --- Periallocortex --- Insula of Reil --- Allocortices --- Archipalliums --- Cerebral Cortices --- Cerebri, Cortex --- Cerebrus, Cortex --- Cortex Cerebrus --- Cortex, Cerebral --- Cortex, Insular --- Cortical Plates --- Cortices, Cerebral --- Cortices, Insular --- Insular Cortices --- Paleocortices --- Periallocortices --- Plate, Cortical --- Plates, Cortical --- Reil Insula --- Intercalated Neurons --- Intercalated Neuron --- Interneuron --- Neuron, Intercalated --- Neurons, Intercalated --- Ammon's Horn --- Hippocampus Proper --- Schaffer Collaterals --- Ammon Horn --- Cornu Ammonis --- Hippocampal Formation --- Subiculum --- Ammons Horn --- Collaterals, Schaffer --- Formation, Hippocampal --- Formations, Hippocampal --- Hippocampal Formations --- Hippocampus Propers --- Horn, Ammon --- Horn, Ammon's --- Proper, Hippocampus --- Propers, Hippocampus --- Subiculums --- Limbic Systems --- System, Limbic --- Systems, Limbic --- Pyramidal Neurons --- Cell, Pyramidal --- Cells, Pyramidal --- Neuron, Pyramidal --- Neurons, Pyramidal --- Pyramidal Cell --- Pyramidal Neuron --- Cortical Phase Desynchronization --- Cortical Phase Synchronization --- Cortical Desynchronization --- Cortical Desynchronizations --- Cortical Phase Desynchronizations --- Cortical Phase Synchronizations --- Cortical Synchronizations --- Desynchronization, Cortical --- Desynchronizations, Cortical --- Phase Desynchronization, Cortical --- Phase Desynchronizations, Cortical --- Phase Synchronization, Cortical --- Phase Synchronizations, Cortical --- Synchronization, Cortical --- Synchronizations, Cortical --- Cerebral Hemispheres --- Left Cerebral Hemisphere --- Right Cerebral Hemisphere --- Cerebral Hemisphere --- Cerebral Hemisphere, Left --- Cerebral Hemisphere, Right --- Nerve Cells --- Cell, Nerve --- Cells, Nerve --- Nerve Cell --- Neuron --- Ammon's horn --- Cornu ammonis --- Brain mantle --- Cortex cerebri --- Mantle of brain --- Pallium (Brain) --- Circuitry, Neural --- Circuits, Neural --- Nerve net --- Nerve network --- Neural circuits --- Neurocircuitry --- Neuronal circuitry --- diagnosis --- methods --- EEG Phase Desynchrony --- EEG Phase Synchrony --- Electroencephalography Phase Desynchrony --- Electroencephalography Phase Synchrony --- Phase Desynchrony, EEG --- Phase Synchrony, EEG --- EEG Phase Desynchronization --- EEG Phase Synchronization --- Electroencephalography Phase Desynchronization --- Phase Desynchronization, EEG --- Phase Synchronization, EEG --- Desynchronies, EEG Phase --- Desynchronies, Electroencephalography Phase --- Desynchronization, EEG Phase --- Desynchronization, Electroencephalography Phase --- Desynchronizations, EEG Phase --- Desynchronizations, Electroencephalography Phase --- Desynchrony, EEG Phase --- Desynchrony, Electroencephalography Phase --- EEG Phase Desynchronies --- EEG Phase Desynchronizations --- EEG Phase Synchronies --- EEG Phase Synchronizations --- Electroencephalography Phase Desynchronies --- Electroencephalography Phase Desynchronizations --- Electroencephalography Phase Synchronies --- Electroencephalography Phase Synchronizations --- Phase Desynchronies, EEG --- Phase Desynchronies, Electroencephalography --- Phase Desynchronization, Electroencephalography --- Phase Desynchronizations, EEG --- Phase Desynchronizations, Electroencephalography --- Phase Desynchrony, Electroencephalography --- Phase Synchronies, EEG --- Phase Synchronies, Electroencephalography --- Phase Synchronization, Electroencephalography --- Phase Synchronizations, EEG --- Phase Synchronizations, Electroencephalography --- Phase Synchrony, Electroencephalography --- Synchronies, EEG Phase --- Synchronies, Electroencephalography Phase --- Synchronization, EEG Phase --- Synchronization, Electroencephalography Phase --- Synchronizations, EEG Phase --- Synchronizations, Electroencephalography Phase --- Synchrony, EEG Phase --- Synchrony, Electroencephalography Phase --- Sensitivity and Specificity --- Cell Biology --- Entorhinal Cortex --- Perforant Pathway --- CA1 Region, Hippocampal --- CA2 Region, Hippocampal --- CA3 Region, Hippocampal --- Evoked Potentials --- Limbic system --- Cycles --- Fluctuations (Physics) --- Vibration --- Electrophysiology --- Nervous system --- Neural networks (Neurobiology) --- Reflexes --- NEUROSCIENCE/General