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Universities are said to be the 'powerhouses' of modern society. They educate leaders and advance our basic knowledge of nature and society. Yet historically they have been vulnerable when meeting the challenges of dynamic industrial democracies or indeed of modern totalitarian states. Today universities are at the centre of society's attention and must therefore balance a great number of contradictory demands and pressures. Can this be done within the structure and ethos of an historic institution called a 'university', or are such institutions now passé and merely part of a bureaucratically managed higher education 'system'? These essays discuss the ways in which universities have coped with complexity since 1800, while retaining their basic 'idea'. Special attention is accorded to the role of the State and the autonomous professions in defining the mission of universities and in their struggle for individuality in the face of mounting pluralistic and bureaucratic pressures.

Education, Higher --- Higher education and state --- Universities and colleges --- Enseignement supérieur --- Universités --- Social aspects --- History --- Aspect social --- Histoire --- Politique gouvernementale --- History. --- 378.4 <4> --- 378.4 <73> --- -Higher education and state --- -Universities and colleges --- -Education, Higher --- -Colleges --- Degree-granting institutions --- Higher education institutions --- Higher education providers --- Institutions of higher education --- Postsecondary institutions --- Public institutions --- Schools --- College students --- Higher education --- Postsecondary education --- State and higher education --- Education and state --- Universiteiten--Europa --- Universiteiten--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- -History --- -Social aspects --- Education --- Government policy --- -Universiteiten--Europa --- 378.4 <73> Universiteiten--Verenigde Staten van Amerika. VSA. USA --- 378.4 <4> Universiteiten--Europa --- Enseignement supérieur --- Universités --- Colleges --- Europe --- 19th century --- 20th century --- United States --- Education [Higher ] --- Universities and colleges - Europe - History - 19th century. --- Universities and colleges - Europe - History - 20th century. --- Universities and colleges - United States - History - 19th century. --- Universities and colleges - United States - History - 20th century. --- Education, Higher - Social aspects - Europe - History - 19th century. --- Education, Higher - Social aspects - Europe - History - 20th century. --- Education, Higher - Social aspects - United States - History - 19th century. --- Education, Higher - Social aspects - United States - History - 20th century. --- Higher education and state - Europe - History. --- Higher education and state - United States - History. --- Arts and Humanities --- Education & Careers