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Heterozygosity --- Plant breeding

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La conservation de la biodiversité et l’impact de l’être humain sur celle-ci est au centre de nos préoccupations depuis quelques années. La génomique est une arme puissante qui, associée à de nombreux domaines, permet des avancées considérables. La compréhension du déclin de certaines espèces sauvages et ses répercussions sur le génome et la reproduction, font l’objet de recherches. Dans ce travail, les principes de l’analyse de la qualité de la semence et les principes de la génomique seront abordés. Par la suite, un lien entre ces deux grands domaines sera établi afin de l’appliquer à la problématique de la conservation animale. En effet, si la consanguinité est bien négativement corrélée avec le succès de la reproduction, les causes et les conséquences exactes régissant ce lien ne sont pas claires. C’est pourquoi, à travers l’hypothèse que le degré d’hétérozygotie influence certains paramètres de qualité du sperme, le lien établi entre consanguinité et reproduction peut potentiellement être décodé. Cette hypothèse sera testée sur quarante-six espèces menacées et cinq espèces de références. Enfin, quatre espèces de canidés seront ensuite prises pour exemple. Les résultats obtenus permettent de confirmer statistiquement le lien entre l’hétérozygotie et le pourcentage de spermatozoïdes normaux mais réfutent le lien entre hétérozygotie et motilité. Dans cette étude, un lien est également établi entre l’hétérozygotie et la concentration en spermatozoïdes de l’éjaculat. Il serait donc nécessaire de poursuivre et approfondir les études avant de pouvoir tirer certaines conclusions. The conservation of biodiversity and the impact of the human being on it has been at the center of our concerns for a few years now. Genomics is a powerful weapon that, combined with many disciplinary fields, allows for significant advances. Understanding the decline of some wildlife species and its implications on the genome and reproduction are being studied. In this work, the principles of semen quality analysis and the principles of genomics will be discussed. Subsequently, a link between these two main areas will be established in order to apply it to the issue of animal conservation. Indeed, if consanguinity is correlated with the success of reproduction, the exact causes and consequences governing this link are unclear. Therefore, assuming that the degree of heterozygosity influences certain sperm quality parameters, the link established between consanguinity and reproduction can potentially be decoded. This hypothesis will be tested on forty-six threatened species and five reference species. Finally, four species of canids will then be taken as an example. The results obtained statistically confirm the link between heterozygosity and the percentage of normal spermatozoa but refute the link between heterozygosity and motility. In this study, a link is also established between heterozygosity and the concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. It would therefore be necessary to continue and deepen the studies before drawing certain conclusions.

semen quality --- heterozygosity --- wildlife conservation --- Sciences du vivant > Médecine vétérinaire & santé animale

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Darwin's Origin of Species and Dobzhansky's Genetics and the Origin of Species have been the cornerstones of modern evolutionary and population genetic theory for the past hundred years, but in the twenty-first century, biologists will face graver problems of extinction. In this collection, a team of leading biologists demonstrates why the burgeoning field of conservation biology must continue to rely on the insights of population genetics if we are to preserve the diversity of living species. Technological and theoretical developments throughout the 1990s have allowed for important new insights into how populations have evolved in response to past selection pressures, while providing a broad new understanding of the genetic structure of natural populations. The authors explore these advances and argue for the applicability of new genetic methods in conservation biology. The volume covers such topics as the reasons for extinctions, the best ways to measure biodiversity, and the benefits and drawbacks of policies like captive breeding. Genetics and the Extinction of Species is a rich source of information for biologists and policymakers who want to learn more about the host of tools, theories, and approaches available for conserving biodiversity. In addition to the editors, the contributors to the volume are William Amos, Rebecca Cann, Kathryn Rodriguez-Clark, Leslie Douglas, Leonard Freed, Paul Harvey, Kent Holsinger, Russell Lande, and Helen Steers.

Conservation biology --- Population genetics --- 502.7 --- 575.17 --- Genetics --- Heredity --- Ecology --- Nature conservation --- 575.17 Population genetics. Genetic processes in populations --- Population genetics. Genetic processes in populations --- 502.7 Protection of animate nature. Wildlife conservation and protection --- Protection of animate nature. Wildlife conservation and protection --- Genetica de poblacions. --- Biologia de la conservació. --- Natura --- Protecció --- Egyptian mummy. --- European badger. --- Martian meteorite. --- Neandertal. --- adaptive radiation. --- akiapolaau. --- allelic diversity. --- ancient DNA. --- assimilation. --- balancing selection. --- captive breeding. --- carrying capacity. --- cichlid fish. --- cockroaches. --- contamination. --- crested honeycreeper. --- damaged DNA. --- declining-population paradigm. --- dinosaur. --- ecomorph. --- economic factors. --- environmental policy. --- exotic species. --- extreme environments. --- fitness loss. --- fluctating selection. --- fur seal. --- gene genealogy. --- genetic diversity. --- genetic variability. --- haplotypes. --- heterozygosity. --- high-elevation habitats. --- inbreeding depression. --- introduced species. --- kinship coefficient. --- kiwis. --- leaf compressions. --- likelihood ratio test. --- maximum likelihood. --- metapopulation models. --- molecular scatology. --- neutral variation. --- papillomavirus. --- phylogenetic analysis. --- population crash. --- quantitative characters. --- racemization. --- recombination. --- restriction enzymes. --- salmon runs. --- selective sweep. --- Biologia de la conservació de recursos --- Conservació del patrimoni biològic --- Conservació de recursos biològics --- Conservació de recursos genètics --- Patrimoni biològic --- Biologia --- Conservació dels recursos naturals --- Genètica --- Poblacions animals --- Genètica de poblacions humanes --- Polimorfisme genètic