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As COVID-19 vaccines have become more widely available in Sub-Saharan Africa, vaccination campaigns in the region have struggled to pick up pace and trail the rest of the world. This paper presents new evidence on vaccine hesitancy, uptake, last-mile delivery barriers, and potential strategies to reach those who remain unvaccinated. The data come from high-frequency phone surveys in five countries in East and West Africa (Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, and Tanzania). The surveys were conducted by countries' national statistical agencies, have national scope, are cross-country comparable, and draw their samples from nationally representative sampling frames. The findings show that across the study countries, a majority is willing to get vaccinated. Still, vaccine hesitancy is non-negligible among those pending vaccination. Concerns about side effects of the vaccine are the primary reason for hesitancy. At the same time, many who are willing to get vaccinated are deterred by a lack of easy access to vaccines at the local level. Radio broadcasts have widespread reach and medical professionals have good rapport among the unvaccinated population. Furthermore, social ties and perceptions as well as intrahousehold power relations matter for vaccine take-up. Based on the findings, the paper elaborates policy options to boost vaccination campaigns in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Vaccine hesitancy.

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The information set from which individuals make their decision on vaccination includes signals from trusted agents, such as governments, community leaders, and the media. By implementing restrictions, or by relaxing them, governments can provide a signal about the underlying risk of the pandemic and indirectly affect vaccination take-up. Rather than focusing on measures specifically designed to increase vaccine acceptance, this paper studies how governments' nonpharmaceutical policy responses to the pandemic can modify the degree of preventive health behavior, including vaccination. To do so, the paper uses repeated waves of a global survey on COVID-19 beliefs, behaviors, and norms covering 67 countries from August 2020 to February 2021. Controlling for the usual determinants, the analysis explores how individuals' willingness to get vaccinated is affected by changes in government restriction measures (as measured by the Oxford Stringency Index). This relationship is mediated by individual characteristics, social norms (social pressure to conform with what most people do), and trust in government institutions. The results point to a complex picture as the implementation of restrictions is associated with increased acceptance in some contexts and decreased acceptance in others. The stringency of government restrictions has significant positive correlations with vaccine acceptance in contexts of weak social norms of vaccine acceptance and lower trust in government. In countries or communities where social norms are tighter and trust in government health authorities is high, vaccine acceptance is high but less sensitive to changes in policies. These results suggest that the indirect effect of government policy stringency is stronger among individuals who report lower trust and weaker social norms of vaccine acceptance.

Vaccine hesitancy.

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"The coronavirus pandemic that began in 2019 brought to the fore the presence of a significant minority of individuals who strongly oppose vaccination. This opposition is by no means recent. Ever since the very first attempts to immunize individuals, opposition has been intense in some societies. The reasons for this opposition range from religious to political to medical. Although vaccines have eliminated smallpox and largely eliminated polio and measles, opposition to vaccination persists and, in some countries, has grown stronger.A History of Vaccines and Their Opponents seeks to describe the history of this opposition as well as its changing rationale over the years and in different societies. The discussion may ultimately provide some suggestions for reducing hesitancy in the future." --

Vaccination --- Vaccine hesitancy --- Vaccines --- History --- History. --- Anti-vaccination movement --- Vaccination Hesitancy --- Anti-Vaccination Movement --- history

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"La vaccination de masse a réussi à juguler, voire à éradiquer, certaines maladies. Pourtant, même quand l'efficacité de la vaccination est avérée, de nombreuses personnes n’y recourent pas. De la simple passivité à un refus délibéré, parfois claironné publiquement, on trouve une vaste gamme d'attitudes, regroupées sous le vocable « d’hésitation vaccinale ». Cet ouvrage s’intéresse aux personnes qui adoptent cette attitude. Il commence par en dresser un portrait général, se penche ensuite sur les facteurs psychologiques qui peuvent expliquer cette attitude, en examinant notamment la dimension motivationnelle et les facteurs cognitifs. Il envisage ensuite certaines croyances et idéologies susceptibles d’alimenter l’hésitation vaccinale. Il analyse les facteurs psychosociaux, et s’intéresse dans ce cadre, notamment, au complotisme et à la confiance dans les institutions. Enfin dans la dernière partie, il envisage les moyens de lutte contre l’hésitation vaccinale et les méthodes les plus efficaces pour augmenter la couverture vaccinale auprès des populations réticentes." Source : publisher

Vaccination --- Anti-vaccination movement --- Vaccine hesitancy --- Health --- Psychological aspects. --- Psychological aspects --- Réticence à la vaccination

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COVID-19 (Disease) --- COVID-19 (Disease) --- Vaccine hesitancy --- COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020 --- -Vaccination --- Mortality --- Illinois.