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Flagellants. --- Hermanos Penitentes.

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The Penitente brotherhood of New Mexico soared in popularity during the early nineteenth century. Local chapters of the brotherhood, always exclusively male, met in specially constructed buildings (called moradas) to conduct their business and engaged in a variety of religious rituals, including flagellation. The traditional view, still very much accepted, is that Penitente spirituality was a continuation of pietistic practices brought to the New World from Spain by Franciscan missionaries in the sixteenth century. In this book sociologist of religion Michael Carroll argues that the movement in factdeveloped much later. There is in fact little evidence that Hispanos in pre-1770 New Mexico were particularly religious, and indeed the usual hallmarks of popular Catholicism -- such as apparitions, cults organized around miraculous images, or pilgrimage--are noticeable by their absence. Carroll traces the rise of the Penitentes to social changes, including the Bourbon reforms, that undermined patriarchal authority and thereby threatened a system that was central to the social organization of late colonial New Mexico. Once established, the Penitentes came to incorporate a number of organizational elements not found in traditional confraternities. As a result, Carroll concludes, Penitente membership facilitated the "rise of the modern" in New Mexico and--however unintentionally--made it that much easier, after the territory's annexation by the United States, for the Anglo legal system to dispossess Hispanos of their land.

Patriarchy --- Religious aspects --- Catholic Church. --- Hermanos Penitentes.

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Two groups were persecuted over the course of four hundred years in what is now the southwestern United States, each dissimulating and disguising who they truly were. Both now declare their true identities, yet raise hostility. The Penitentes are a lay Catholic brotherhood that practices bloody rites of self-flagellation and crucifixion, but claim this is a misrepresentation and that they are a community and a charitable organization. Marranos, an ambiguous and complicated population of Sephardic descendants, claim to be anousim. Both peoples have a complex, shared history. This book disentangles the web, redefines the terms, and creates new contexts in which these groups are viewed with respect and sympathy without idealizing or slandering them. Simms uses rabbinics, literary analyses, psychohistory, and cultural anthropology to consolidate a history of mentalities.

Marranos --- Jews --- Conversos --- Maranos --- New Christians (Marranos) --- Crypto-Jews --- Jewish Christians --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- History. --- Religious life --- Social life and customs. --- Hermanos Penitentes --- Penitent Brothers --- Penitentes --- Hermanos de la Luz --- Holy Brotherhood of Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno --- Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno --- Cofradía de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno --- Hermanos de Nuestro Padre Jesús --- Religion. --- Southwest, New --- Sunbelt States --- Religious life and customs. --- Conversos (Marranos) --- Anusim --- Converts