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Mycotoxins are a Public Health concern that in last year have reached the top 10 food and product hazard categories in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), with almost six hundred notifications. The toxicological effects of mycotoxins are evaluated through the extrapolation of results from in vivo and in vitro assays. Studies of mycotoxins’ effects at the cellular level precede those in organs and systems. All these studies are key steps for risk assessment and following legislation for mycotoxins. This Special Issue of Toxins comprises 10 original contributions and two reviews. The Issue reports new findings regarding toxic mechanisms, the use of innovative techniques to study the potential toxicity of mycotoxins not only individually but in combination, reflecting a real scenario according to current studies of mycotoxins.

Destruxin A --- Bombyx mori --- binding protein --- BmTudor-sn --- Bm12 cell --- Ochratoxin A (OTA) --- human Stem Cells --- mycotoxins --- cells --- cytotoxicity --- cell culture --- T-2 toxin --- HT-2 toxin --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- endophyte --- fungi --- neurotoxin --- lolitrems --- ochratoxin A --- beauvericin --- mixtures --- HepG2 cells --- genotoxicity --- cell cycle --- Fusarium --- Aspergillus --- Penicillium --- Alternaria --- emerging mycotoxin --- in vitro --- IPEC-J2 --- occurrence data --- trichothecene --- biosynthetic pathway --- acetyltransferase --- deacetylase --- deoxynivalenol --- 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol --- isotrichodermol --- isotrichodermin --- differentiated Caco-2 cells --- cell apoptosis --- transcriptome analysis --- hepatocyte --- chicken --- acute toxicity --- combined toxicity --- cell protection --- silibinin --- in silico prediction --- co-culture models --- mycotoxin interaction --- Loewe additivity --- combination index --- isobologram --- Chou-Talalay method --- MixLow --- IPEC-J2 cells --- RNA-seq --- inflammation --- MAPKs --- n/a --- Medicine.

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Natural products and the preparations based on them play a stable and ever-increasing role in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture, in food and the cosmetic industry, and in an increasing number of other fields. Their importance is based on the fact that they are mostly bound to renewable sources, which in fact makes them valuable within a circular economy, inter alia. At the same time, natural products provide the origin of stereochemistry, optical activity, regioselectivity, chirality, and many other concepts and directions within science, development, and industry in a scope, which is indispensable. They serve as a constant powerful stimulus and model that inspires researchers to create new effective tools, similar to natural ones, for controlling bioregulation mechanisms and solving practical problems. This was the reason for organizing this Special Issue aimed at underlining the current developments in all the fields connected to natural products.

varioxiranol A --- natural enantiomer --- n/a --- ribosomally synthesized --- triterpenoids --- apo-CpcB --- water resistance --- radical scavenger --- bardoxolone methyl --- antioxidant activity --- octadecanoid --- derivatives --- inhibitor --- chlorogenic acid --- biosynthesis --- microbial biosynthesis --- flow cytometry --- adhesive --- phycocyanin --- antioxidant --- anticancer drug --- resource chemistry --- ginkgolide --- anti-inflammation --- salt stress --- polyphenol --- synthesis of natural products --- rheumatoid arthritis --- PEGylated purpurin 18 --- photosensitizer --- RiPP --- isosorbide --- bioactivity --- cell opening --- stilbene --- tea tussock moth --- flavonoids --- flexible polyurethane foam --- gene expression --- genetical transformation --- research progress --- oleic acid-elicited --- pharmacokinetic features --- phenolic acid --- Plantago depressa --- platelet-activating factor receptor --- photodynamic therapy --- fatty acid --- soy protein isolate --- apoptosis --- HepG2 cells --- cancer cells --- live-cell fluorescence microscopy --- tomato --- caffeoylquinic acids --- pinocembrin --- insect sex pheromone --- 4-epi-varioxiranol A --- natural products --- singlet oxygen --- total synthesis --- lipid-lowering effects --- reversible urethane linkages --- cytotoxicity --- bromelain --- Ramulus mori --- polysaccharides --- SlCOMT1 --- pharmacological activities --- absolute structure --- natural product --- mitochondria --- Emericella variecolor --- triglycidylamine --- Spirulina --- viscosity --- post-translationally modified peptides --- phototoxicity --- melatonin

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Natural products are bioactive compounds synthesized by terrestrial and marine plants, microorganisms and animals, whose main objective is to prevent them from attacks by predators and/or pathogens. Traditionally since ancient times, different cultures have used these compounds for the prevention and treatment of various human diseases. During the last few years, it has been reported that most of these phytochemicals possess a variety of interesting and significant biological properties, such as analgesic, antiallodynic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antitumor and normal growth stimulants, as well as significant cardioprotective and neuroprotective activity. This thematic book aims to collect and disseminate some of the most significant and recent contributions of the use of the natural compounds called phytochemicals, as well as some of their chemical derivatives, for the prevention and treatment of cancer and other accompanying diseases. On the other hand, in recent years, the synthesis of numerous chemical derivatives of these natural compounds has also intensified, with the aim of enhancing their bioactive capacities. Among all these bioactivities, special attention has been paid to its antitumor capacity through the potential modulation of cancer initiation and growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy, angiogenesis, and metastatic dissemination. In addition, a considerable number of studies have linked their anticancer effects to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Research & information: general --- total phenolic content --- total flavonoid content --- GC-MS --- DPPH --- antioxidant --- anticancer agent --- anti-inflammatory agent --- gingival fibroblasts --- oral cancer --- natural extract --- Adenosma bracteosum --- extract --- anti-cancer --- cell line --- isolated compounds --- caspase-3 --- bioactive compounds --- metabolites --- wine --- grapes --- breast cancer --- chemoprevention --- chemotherapy --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Moringa oleifera --- 3-hydroxy-β-ionone --- antioxidant activity --- antioxidant enzymes --- anti-proliferative activity --- maslinic acid --- melanoma --- Olea europaea L. --- ROS levels --- photodynamic therapy --- cancer --- photosensitiser --- natural compounds --- Elaeagnus angustifolia --- EMT --- apoptosis --- AKT/PI3K signaling pathway --- human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells --- migration activity --- proliferation --- oxidative stress --- ROS level --- uvaol --- lung metastases --- in vivo --- complementary medicine --- medicinal mushrooms --- triterpenoic acid --- tormentic acid --- betulinic acid --- oleanolic acid --- rhodamine B --- cytotoxicity --- hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) --- Pogostemon cablin (PPa extract) --- cell cycle --- synergism --- natural photosensitive compounds --- anticancer activity --- hypericin --- emodin --- quinizarin --- danthron --- interaction --- DNA --- glioblastoma (GBM) --- lactucopicrin (LCTP) --- temozolomide (TMZ) --- autophagy --- NF-κB --- p62/SQSM1 --- natural product --- therapeutic triglyceride --- xenograft study --- Caveolin-1 --- actin cytoskeleton --- betulin glycoconjugates --- click chemistry --- 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition --- total phenolic content --- total flavonoid content --- GC-MS --- DPPH --- antioxidant --- anticancer agent --- anti-inflammatory agent --- gingival fibroblasts --- oral cancer --- natural extract --- Adenosma bracteosum --- extract --- anti-cancer --- cell line --- isolated compounds --- caspase-3 --- bioactive compounds --- metabolites --- wine --- grapes --- breast cancer --- chemoprevention --- chemotherapy --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Moringa oleifera --- 3-hydroxy-β-ionone --- antioxidant activity --- antioxidant enzymes --- anti-proliferative activity --- maslinic acid --- melanoma --- Olea europaea L. --- ROS levels --- photodynamic therapy --- cancer --- photosensitiser --- natural compounds --- Elaeagnus angustifolia --- EMT --- apoptosis --- AKT/PI3K signaling pathway --- human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells --- migration activity --- proliferation --- oxidative stress --- ROS level --- uvaol --- lung metastases --- in vivo --- complementary medicine --- medicinal mushrooms --- triterpenoic acid --- tormentic acid --- betulinic acid --- oleanolic acid --- rhodamine B --- cytotoxicity --- hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) --- Pogostemon cablin (PPa extract) --- cell cycle --- synergism --- natural photosensitive compounds --- anticancer activity --- hypericin --- emodin --- quinizarin --- danthron --- interaction --- DNA --- glioblastoma (GBM) --- lactucopicrin (LCTP) --- temozolomide (TMZ) --- autophagy --- NF-κB --- p62/SQSM1 --- natural product --- therapeutic triglyceride --- xenograft study --- Caveolin-1 --- actin cytoskeleton --- betulin glycoconjugates --- click chemistry --- 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

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Natural products are bioactive compounds synthesized by terrestrial and marine plants, microorganisms and animals, whose main objective is to prevent them from attacks by predators and/or pathogens. Traditionally since ancient times, different cultures have used these compounds for the prevention and treatment of various human diseases. During the last few years, it has been reported that most of these phytochemicals possess a variety of interesting and significant biological properties, such as analgesic, antiallodynic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antitumor and normal growth stimulants, as well as significant cardioprotective and neuroprotective activity. This thematic book aims to collect and disseminate some of the most significant and recent contributions of the use of the natural compounds called phytochemicals, as well as some of their chemical derivatives, for the prevention and treatment of cancer and other accompanying diseases. On the other hand, in recent years, the synthesis of numerous chemical derivatives of these natural compounds has also intensified, with the aim of enhancing their bioactive capacities. Among all these bioactivities, special attention has been paid to its antitumor capacity through the potential modulation of cancer initiation and growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy, angiogenesis, and metastatic dissemination. In addition, a considerable number of studies have linked their anticancer effects to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Research & information: general --- total phenolic content --- total flavonoid content --- GC-MS --- DPPH --- antioxidant --- anticancer agent --- anti-inflammatory agent --- gingival fibroblasts --- oral cancer --- natural extract --- Adenosma bracteosum --- extract --- anti-cancer --- cell line --- isolated compounds --- caspase-3 --- bioactive compounds --- metabolites --- wine --- grapes --- breast cancer --- chemoprevention --- chemotherapy --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Moringa oleifera --- 3-hydroxy-β-ionone --- antioxidant activity --- antioxidant enzymes --- anti-proliferative activity --- maslinic acid --- melanoma --- Olea europaea L. --- ROS levels --- photodynamic therapy --- cancer --- photosensitiser --- natural compounds --- Elaeagnus angustifolia --- EMT --- apoptosis --- AKT/PI3K signaling pathway --- human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells --- migration activity --- proliferation --- oxidative stress --- ROS level --- uvaol --- lung metastases --- in vivo --- complementary medicine --- medicinal mushrooms --- triterpenoic acid --- tormentic acid --- betulinic acid --- oleanolic acid --- rhodamine B --- cytotoxicity --- hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) --- Pogostemon cablin (PPa extract) --- cell cycle --- synergism --- natural photosensitive compounds --- anticancer activity --- hypericin --- emodin --- quinizarin --- danthron --- interaction --- DNA --- glioblastoma (GBM) --- lactucopicrin (LCTP) --- temozolomide (TMZ) --- autophagy --- NF-κB --- p62/SQSM1 --- natural product --- therapeutic triglyceride --- xenograft study --- Caveolin-1 --- actin cytoskeleton --- betulin glycoconjugates --- click chemistry --- 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition --- n/a

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Oxidative stress causes chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer, chronic obstructive pulmonary, and neurodegenerative pathologies. Antioxidant systems defend human cells from free radicals. They act by stopping free radicals, decreasing their development, and quenching the formed ROS and RNS. The antioxidant molecules are classified into primary and secondary defense molecules. The primary antioxidant molecules (i.e., vitamins C and E, ubiquinone, and glutathione) reduce oxidation effects by moving a proton to the free radical species or electron donors, or by terminating the chain reactions The secondary antioxidants (i.e., N-acetyl cysteine and lipoic acid) act as cofactors for some enzyme systems or neutralize the production of free radicals by transition metals. This work comprises original research papers and reviews on antioxidant molecules in food, the agricultural practices that maximize their levels in plants, the potential preventive effects of selected classes of antioxidant molecules, their potential use in functional foods, and the pharmaceutical delivery systems that maximize their potential activity when used as supplements.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- Trichoderma spp. --- EVOO --- olive pomace --- olive vegetation water --- Olea europea var Leccino --- HRMS-Orbitrap --- phenolic identification --- antioxidant activity --- grape seed oil fatty acid --- novel extraction --- tocopherol --- supercritical fluid --- microwave assisted --- ultrasound assisted --- Soxhlet --- olive mill wastewater --- olive oil --- Olive Pâté --- antioxidants --- nutraceutical --- Q Exactive Orbitrap LC-MS/MS --- Clery strawberry --- food processing --- Polyphenols --- multi-methodological evaluation --- HS-GC/MS analysis --- PCA --- antioxidant --- HepG2 cells --- EVOO extract --- IOC methods --- LDLR --- PCSK9 --- tomatoes --- NMR spectroscopy --- FT-ICR mass spectrometry --- ripening stage --- phenolics --- metabolomics --- phytochemicals --- cardoon --- multipurpose plant --- chlorogenic acid --- fatty acids --- herbal treatment --- organic zinc --- lamb --- Haemonchus contortus --- antioxidant enzymes --- lipid peroxidation --- mineral status --- paraxanthine --- caffeine --- CYP1A2 phenotyping --- human saliva --- differential pulse voltammetry --- egg --- flavonoids --- inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) --- metallome --- quercetin --- walnut --- by-products --- antitussive --- ROS --- NOx --- IL-6 --- CXC-R1 --- histopathological analysis --- sustainable agriculture --- onion skin --- traditional varieties --- flavonols --- dietary antioxidants, --- Helichrysum --- medicinal plants --- infusions --- phenolic compounds --- antioxidative potential --- polyphenols --- flavonids --- endogenous antioxidant enzymes --- reduced glutathione --- oxidized glutathione --- catalase --- superoxide dismutase --- interleukin 6 --- tumor necrosis factor --- endurance sports --- Ficus carica --- oxidative stress protection --- stress hormones --- epidermal skin barrier --- nutricosmetics --- brown rice --- fermentation --- germination --- stress --- bioactive compounds --- untargeted metabolomics --- functional food --- health benefits --- lovage --- elicitation --- phenolic acids --- potential anti-inflammatory potential --- anticancer properties --- antioxidative activity --- bioactive peptides --- peptidomics --- mass spectrometry --- soybean --- plant-based foods --- LDL --- CVD --- lipid oxidation --- dietary fiber --- cholesterol --- hyperlipidemia --- microalgae --- spirulina --- inflammation --- lipopolysaccharide --- dairy cows --- fattening bulls --- leukocytes --- spices --- condiments --- extra-virgin olive oil --- antiviral properties --- antioxidant properties --- nutricosmetic --- grape seed --- pomace --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- polyphenol --- resveratrol --- rutin --- HPLC --- GC --- coumarins --- green synthesis --- DFT --- red algae --- antioxidant and antimicrobial ability --- lipoperoxidation --- salmon --- anticancer --- marigold --- sage --- bearberry --- eucalyptus --- yarrow --- apples --- pomegranate --- mitochondrial DNA --- DNA damage --- apoptosis --- oral cancer --- arbutin --- melanin --- pigment --- melasma --- skin lightening --- cosmetic --- hyperpigmentation --- tyrosinase --- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) --- Brassicaceae --- light wavelength --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- oxidative stress --- antioxidant proteins --- Moringa leaf extract --- nanoencapsulation --- rabbit --- physiology --- reproduction --- Trichoderma spp. --- EVOO --- olive pomace --- olive vegetation water --- Olea europea var Leccino --- HRMS-Orbitrap --- phenolic identification --- antioxidant activity --- grape seed oil fatty acid --- novel extraction --- tocopherol --- supercritical fluid --- microwave assisted --- ultrasound assisted --- Soxhlet --- olive mill wastewater --- olive oil --- Olive Pâté --- antioxidants --- nutraceutical --- Q Exactive Orbitrap LC-MS/MS --- Clery strawberry --- food processing --- Polyphenols --- multi-methodological evaluation --- HS-GC/MS analysis --- PCA --- antioxidant --- HepG2 cells --- EVOO extract --- IOC methods --- LDLR --- PCSK9 --- tomatoes --- NMR spectroscopy --- FT-ICR mass spectrometry --- ripening stage --- phenolics --- metabolomics --- phytochemicals --- cardoon --- multipurpose plant --- chlorogenic acid --- fatty acids --- herbal treatment --- organic zinc --- lamb --- Haemonchus contortus --- antioxidant enzymes --- lipid peroxidation --- mineral status --- paraxanthine --- caffeine --- CYP1A2 phenotyping --- human saliva --- differential pulse voltammetry --- egg --- flavonoids --- inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) --- metallome --- quercetin --- walnut --- by-products --- antitussive --- ROS --- NOx --- IL-6 --- CXC-R1 --- histopathological analysis --- sustainable agriculture --- onion skin --- traditional varieties --- flavonols --- dietary antioxidants, --- Helichrysum --- medicinal plants --- infusions --- phenolic compounds --- antioxidative potential --- polyphenols --- flavonids --- endogenous antioxidant enzymes --- reduced glutathione --- oxidized glutathione --- catalase --- superoxide dismutase --- interleukin 6 --- tumor necrosis factor --- endurance sports --- Ficus carica --- oxidative stress protection --- stress hormones --- epidermal skin barrier --- nutricosmetics --- brown rice --- fermentation --- germination --- stress --- bioactive compounds --- untargeted metabolomics --- functional food --- health benefits --- lovage --- elicitation --- phenolic acids --- potential anti-inflammatory potential --- anticancer properties --- antioxidative activity --- bioactive peptides --- peptidomics --- mass spectrometry --- soybean --- plant-based foods --- LDL --- CVD --- lipid oxidation --- dietary fiber --- cholesterol --- hyperlipidemia --- microalgae --- spirulina --- inflammation --- lipopolysaccharide --- dairy cows --- fattening bulls --- leukocytes --- spices --- condiments --- extra-virgin olive oil --- antiviral properties --- antioxidant properties --- nutricosmetic --- grape seed --- pomace --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- polyphenol --- resveratrol --- rutin --- HPLC --- GC --- coumarins --- green synthesis --- DFT --- red algae --- antioxidant and antimicrobial ability --- lipoperoxidation --- salmon --- anticancer --- marigold --- sage --- bearberry --- eucalyptus --- yarrow --- apples --- pomegranate --- mitochondrial DNA --- DNA damage --- apoptosis --- oral cancer --- arbutin --- melanin --- pigment --- melasma --- skin lightening --- cosmetic --- hyperpigmentation --- tyrosinase --- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) --- Brassicaceae --- light wavelength --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- oxidative stress --- antioxidant proteins --- Moringa leaf extract --- nanoencapsulation --- rabbit --- physiology --- reproduction