Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Hemoglobin.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Hemoglobin. --- Animals

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Hemoglobin --- Hemoglobin --- Gene expression --- Hemoglobinopathy

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The accurate estimation of anemia is important for tracking and targeting public health interventions. The primary source of anemia data in low and middle-income countries is The Demographic and Health Surveys Program, in which hemoglobin concentration is assessed with a portable hemoglobinometer. This methodological report examines measurement error of hemoglobin assessment and the intrinsic variation in hemoglobin concentrations among children (age 6-59 months), nonpregnant women of reproductive age (age 15-49), and men (age 15 and above). A total of 80 surveys in The Demographic and Health Surveys Program conducted between 2000 and 2017 were selected, which results in a total of 1,247,942 hemoglobin observations included in this report (children n=405,731, women n=607,101, men n=235,110). Data quality was assessed by examining bias in the sub-sampling strategy, data completeness, and digit preference. Dispersion of the hemoglobin concentrations was also explored but it was difficult to determine whether the patterns observed are the result of measurement error or intrinsic variations. There was little bias found in the situations where hemoglobin measurements were only taken on a subsample of the population, although in a few surveys there was a slight bias by head of household education level, wealth, and urban/rural residence. There were very few values outside of the plausible ranges (mean percent ranged from 0.1 to 0.2% depending on the subpopulation) and only a small percent of data was missing (mean percent ranged from 4.5 to 15%). Digit preference was found to occur for the digits 0 (11.6% of surveys) and 2 (10.5%), and for the combination of digits 6, 7, 8, and 9 (22.1%). Standard deviations were outside the range of 1.1 to 1.5 in many surveys for children (46.3% with excluded implausible values versus 58.8% with included implausible values), women (70.8% with excluded implausible values vs. 81.5% with included implausible values), and men (96.3% with excluded implausible values vs. 96.3% with included implausible values). Data was not normally distributed in many of the surveys, especially among adults. Hemoglobin concentrations were higher in urban regions and wealthy populations, and in these groups there was less data dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the overall quality of data is high on some measures, although there are exceptions, especially wide standard deviations. Disentangling measurement error from intrinsic variation is difficult. Future research is needed to establish standard parameters that assess measurement error in the assessment of hemoglobin and other biomarkers.

Health surveys --- Hemoglobin --- Anemia

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This dissertation by Maria Ewerlöf focuses on the use of multispectral imaging to measure hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the skin. It explores the potential of multispectral diffuse reflectance imaging to provide detailed spatial and temporal data on skin optical parameters, particularly for clinical applications like monitoring wound healing. The study investigates reducing the number of wavelengths needed for effective analysis, using Monte Carlo simulations and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to enhance data processing efficiency. The results indicate that the ANN approach significantly reduces analysis time, allowing real-time clinical diagnostics.

Multispectral imaging. --- Hemoglobin.