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Metals in Water: Global Sources, Significance, and Treatment covers metal pollution in water, where they come from, their effects, and remediation processes. Sections overview heavy metals pollution, including their global health impacts and remediation measures. Geogenic and anthropogenic input of heavy metals in water are described, along with global case studies, step-by-step methods on remediation techniques, different detection sensors, and assessment practices of toxicity of heavy metals. The book focuses on recent research surrounding heavy metals' contamination in water resources and its impact across the globe. Chapters incorporate both theoretical and practical aspects and serve as baseline information for water resources studies.

Heavy metals --- Environmental aspects. --- Water --- Runoff --- Sewage --- Pollution. --- Purification. --- Purification --- Heavy metals removal.

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Metal wastes --- Sewage --- Déchets métalliques --- Eaux usées --- Purification --- Heavy metals removal --- Epuration --- Elimination des métaux lourds

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The intention of the Special Issue ""Biological and Biogenic Crystallization"" was to create an international platform aimed at covering a broad field of results involving the crystallization of biological molecules, including virus and protein crystallization, biogenic crystallization including physiological and pathological crystallization taking place in living organisms (human beings, animals, plants, bacteria, etc.), and bio-inspired crystallization. Despite many years of research on biological and biogenic crystals, there are still open questions as well as hot and timely topics. This Special Issue contains seven articles that present a cross-section of the current research activities in the of field of biological and biogenic crystals. The authors of the presented articles prove the vibrant and topical nature of this field. We hope that this Special Issue will serve as a source of inspiration for future investigations, and will be useful for scientists and researchers who work on the exploration of biological and biogenic crystals.

pericentrin --- biomineralization --- pericentriolar material (PCM) --- physical and biochemical aspects of protein crystal nucleation --- size control --- calcite --- centrosome --- hemoglobin --- X-ray crystallography --- spectrophotometry --- nucleation --- protein crystallization --- seawater --- classical and two-step nucleation mechanisms --- macroseeding --- CaCO₃ --- electron microscopy --- biodesalination --- neutron crystallography --- spherulite --- wastewater --- chaotropes --- X-ray fluorescence holography --- dipole field --- limpet shells --- coiled-coil --- shape control --- kosmotropes --- heavy metals removal --- hydration --- crystallization --- ?- --- S-shaped nucleation kinetics --- small molecules

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Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) certainly do not represent a newcomer to the scientific community, yet they continue to attract a strong and general interest among a vast and multifaceted range of researchers. This persistent modernity is definitely due to some peculiar characteristics of these materials, which allow researchers and engineers to play with different aspects of two worlds: organic and inorganic, crystalline and molecular, solid and liquid, cationic and anionic. A virtually infinite number of possible chemical combinations takes advantage of their layered structure to express an unrivaled collection of remarkable properties. The capture and/or release of organic and inorganic species, versatile low-cost catalytic activity, and blending with other compounds to build up a variety of hybrid composites, are just some of the many effects investigated to date. As a result, the applications encompass almost all aspects of our life, ranging from renewable energy production to water purification, including biomedical applications, gas sensing, drug delivery, and food packaging and safety. This Special Issue highlights some of the recent research lines, and shows that remarkable progress has been and is still being made in all these aspects, to allow the consideration of LDHs as one of the most interesting and versatile inorganic materials.

Research & information: general --- layered double hydroxides --- reconstruction --- curcumin --- drug release --- wastewater --- heavy metals removal --- sol–gel processing --- alkaline earth metals --- mixed metal oxides --- reconstruction effect --- surface properties --- nanocomposites --- nanofillers --- thermal stability --- flammability --- polymer matrix --- HC --- hydrothermal synthesis --- layered double hydroxide --- AFm phase --- calcium hemicarboaluminate --- cement phases --- cement hydration --- C3AH6 --- C4ACH11 --- katoite --- microwave-assisted organic synthesis --- biofuel production --- rehydrated hydrotalcite --- heterogeneous basic catalysis --- green chemistry --- mechanochemistry --- bead mill --- synthesis --- wet grinding --- layered double hydroxides (LDHs) --- other nanoclays --- organically modified LDH --- water purification --- adsorption --- adsorption interaction --- diffusion --- n/a --- sol-gel processing

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Water is essential for life, a strategic resource for every country and population. Its availability and sanitary safety is highly connected with the health and economy status of population. Burden of disease due to polluted water is a major public health problem throughout the world. Many pollutants in water streams have been identified as toxic and harmful to the environment and human health, and among them arsenic, mercury and cadmium are considered as high priority ones. Providing population with safe drinking water became the priority and at the same time a big challenge for the modern society. Many funding agencies in various countries have assigned a high priority to the envir- mental security and pollution prevention. UN, being one of them, launched the “International Decade for Action: Water for life 2005–2015. ” Therefore, today’s political and social climate presents an important opportunity to implement principles of sustainable development and to preserve resources essential for future life. This process requires interdisciplinary approach; it is critically important to stimulate interactions between medical doctors, chemists, physicist, materials scientists, engineers and policy makers, which are already experienced in their specific areas. It is also our ethical obligation to preserve existing water resources and existing eco systems enhancing their biodiversity. The NATO Advanced Research Workshop “Water Treatment Te- nologies for the Removal of High-Toxicity Pollutants” took place on September 13–17, 2008 in Košice, Slovak Republic.

Groundwater -- Purification -- Arsenic removal -- Congresses. --- Metals -- Absorption and adsorption -- Congresses. --- Sewage -- Purification -- Heavy metals removal -- Congresses. --- Water -- Purification -- Congresses. --- Water --Pollution -- Toxicology -- Congresses. --- Water --- Metals --- Groundwater --- Sewage --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Purification --- Toxicology --- Pollution --- Absorption and adsorption --- Arsenic removal --- Heavy metals removal --- Environment. --- Water-supply. --- Chemical engineering. --- Environmental chemistry. --- Water pollution. --- Materials science. --- Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Materials Science, general. --- Water Industry/Water Technologies. --- Environmental Chemistry. --- Environmental pollution. --- Materials. --- Chemistry, Environmental --- Chemistry --- Ecology --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Materials --- Environmental aspects --- Availability, Water --- Water availability --- Water resources --- Natural resources --- Public utilities --- Water resources development --- Water utilities --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. --- Toxicology. --- Aquatic toxicology