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The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the centrality of primary care in protecting people's health and well-being during and beyond crises. It has also provided an opportunity to strengthen and redesign primary care so that it will better serve its purpose. However, to-date there is limited evidence on the quality of service delivery in primary care. Service Delivery Indicators surveys have attempted to fill this gap. Using Service Delivery Indicators surveys of 7,810 health facilities and 66,151 health care providers in nine Sub-Saharan African countries, this paper investigates the quality of care across five domains to understand a citizen's experience of primary care in his/her country. The results indicate substantial heterogeneity in the quality of primary care service delivery between and within countries. The availability of basic equipment, infrastructure, and essential medicines varies-public facilities, facilities in rural areas, and non-hospitals are more lacking compared with private facilities, urban facilities, and hospitals. In terms of patient care, health care providers' ability to correctly diagnose and treat common health conditions is low and variably distributed. COVID-19 has catalyzed a long overdue health system redesign effort, and the Service Delivery Indicators surveys offer an opportunity to examine carefully the quality of service delivery, with an eye toward health system reform.

Health Care Services Industry --- Health Facility --- Health Indicators --- Health Service Delivery --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Primary Health Care --- Surveys

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This paper presents the results of an impact evaluation of a performance-based financing pilot in rural areas of two regions of Tajikistan. Primary care facilities were given financial incentives conditional on general quality and the quantity provided of selected services related to reproductive, maternal and child health, and hypertension-related services. The study relies on a difference-in-difference design and large-scale household and facility-based surveys conducted before the launch of the pilot in 2015 and after three years of implementation. The performance-based financing pilot had positive impacts on quality of care. Significant impacts are measured on facility infrastructure, infection prevention and control standards, availability of equipment and medical supplies, provider competency, provider satisfaction, and even some elements of the content of care, measured through direct observations of provider-patient interactions. While the communities in the performance-based financing districts reported higher satisfaction with the local primary care facilities, and despite the improvements in quality, the findings suggest moderate effects on utilization: among the incentivized utilization indicators, only timely postnatal care and blood pressure measurements for adults were significantly impacted.

Child Health --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Health Care --- Health Care Services Industry --- Health Economics and Finance --- Health Service Delivery --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hypertension --- Industry --- Performance-Based Financing --- Reproductive Health

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Using in-home health records for 1,763 children in Mali, this paper examines gender differences in the uptake and duration of treatment with antibiotics. The detailed data provide a window into parents' day-to-day decisions while accounting for symptoms. There are no gender differences in starting treatment, but boys are over 10 percentage points more likely to complete a course of antibiotics than girls. This difference is driven by families with an educated household head. An explanation may be that (male) household heads are less involved in caring for girls, so that benefits from education that lead to better care accrue overproportionally to boys.

Antibiotics --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Health --- Health and Poverty --- Health Service Delivery --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Medication Adherence --- Missing Women --- Public Health Promotion

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Community-driven development programs are a popular model for service delivery and socioeconomic development, especially in countries reeling from civil strife. Despite their popularity, the evidence on their impact is mixed at best. Most studies thus far are based on data collected during, or shortly after, program implementation. Community-driven development's theory of change, however, allows for a longer time frame for program exposure to produce impact. This study examines the longer term impact of a randomized community-driven development program implemented in 1,250 villages in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo between 2007 and 2012. The study team returned to these villages in 2015, eight years after the onset of the program. The study finds evidence of the physical endurance of infrastructure built by the program. However, it finds no evidence that the program had an impact on other dimensions of service provision, health, education, economic welfare, women's empowerment, governance, and social cohesion. These findings suggest that, although community-driven development programs may effectively deliver public infrastructure, longer term impacts on economic development and social transformation appear to be limited.

Civil Conflict --- Community Development and Empowerment --- Community-Driven Development --- Conflict and Development --- Economic Development --- Economic Welfare --- Education --- Education Quality --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Field Experiment --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Health Service Delivery --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Public Infrastructure --- Service Delivery --- Social Cohesion --- Women's Empowerment

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This book is a collection of chapters around the theme of parasitology and zoonosis in bot war and peace and the impact of these fields on public health. Individual experts have contributed reviews, novel research, and case series within the field to make a broad and interesting collection designed to stimulate thought and discussion in this area. The collection is dedicated to the life and career of Emeritus Professor John Marsden Goldsmid, an eminent parasitologist and advocate for further attention to these above listed fields of medicine. It would be suitable for medical and veterinary practitioners, students, scientists, and epidemiologists with an interest in parasitology and public health.

Ternidens --- ternidensiasis --- false hookworm --- hookworm --- soil transmitted helminths --- STH --- helminth --- zoonosis --- human --- primate --- leishmaniasis --- qPCR --- bisulphite --- gnathostomiasis --- schistosomiasis --- imported helminthiasis --- praziquantel --- parasitology --- zoonoses --- tropical medicine --- travel medicine --- global medicine --- Tasmania --- e-Diagnosis --- morphologist --- molecular parasitology --- social determinants of health --- cultural safety in health service delivery --- cultural competency --- Gnathostoma species --- larva migrans --- Okavango --- southern Africa --- tourists --- devil facial tumor disease --- parasite --- transmissible cancer --- MHC --- immune escape --- medical history --- military --- WW2 --- lymphatic filariasis --- Pacific --- n/a