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Background: The gut microbiota is emerging as a pivotal player in the pathogenesis of many non-communicable diseases. Thus, it has been proposed as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target.Aim and scope: This Special Issue will focus on the microbiome as a potential target of new personalized therapies or diagnostic tools.History: In recent decades, the gut microbiome has been deeply investigated, and many studies have provided new information on the role of dysbiosis in many gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases. Recently, in addition to its phylogenetic characterization, new information has become available regarding the function of the gut microbiota, thanks to proteomic and metabolomic analyses.Cutting-edge research: The therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota based on different strategies, including diet modification, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, and, last but not least, fecal microbiota transplantation, has been tested for the treatment of various diseases. Recently, the possible applications and modalities of gut microbiota modulation have been increasingly expanding.We have collected original clinical or pre-clinical research papers and reviews focusing on the use of the microbiome for disease diagnosis, monitoring, or therapy and suggesting new possible gut microbiota-based approaches for personalized care.

Medicine --- Graves–Basedow’s diseases --- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis --- autoimmunity --- gut microbiota --- irritable bowel syndrome --- microbiota --- microbiome --- food components --- nutrients --- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation --- fecal microbiota transplantation --- aGvHD --- antibiotic-resistant bacteria --- cystic fibrosis --- rabbits --- intestinal dysbiosis --- feces microbiome --- beta-blocker --- hemodialysis --- next-generation sequencing --- propensity score matching methods --- violin plots --- random sampling --- analytical reproducibility --- fecal matter transplantation --- data disease subtypes --- personalized medicine --- maltodextrin --- dip test --- gallstone disease --- 16S rDNA gene diversity --- blood biochemical characteristics --- mesothelioma --- 16S RNA sequencing --- species --- probiotics and gut disease --- probiotics and acute diverticulitis --- probiotics and diverticular disease --- probiotics mechanism of action --- IgA Nephropathy --- rifaximin --- α1KI-CD89Tg mice --- children --- intermittent hypoxemia --- obstructive sleep apnea --- tonsil --- weight status --- oral microbiota --- rheumatology diseases --- biomarkers --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- rheumatoid arthritis --- Sjogren’s syndrome --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- endometrial cancer --- endometrial microbiome --- gut microbiome --- dysbiosis --- estrogen metabolism --- estrobolome --- inflammation --- antitumour treatment --- prebiotics --- probiotics --- schizophrenia --- depression --- anxiety --- functional genes --- thymoma --- genera --- driver mutation --- cardiovascular diseases --- critically ill --- intestinal permeability --- recurrent cystitis --- n/a --- Graves-Basedow's diseases --- Hashimoto's thyroiditis --- Sjogren's syndrome

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The trace mineral selenium is still regarded as one of the most interesting and health-beneficial elements. In addition to the Editorial containing a dedication to Dr. Leopold Flohé, this Special Issue contains 13 research articles and 8 reviews, with over 120 different contributors covering many of the most important subjects concerning the study of selenium. The articles address both selenium as well as selenoproteins and their molecular roles, providing important considerations regarding this trace element’s impact on human and animal health and disease.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- selenoproteome --- selenoprotein hierarchy --- nonradioactive isotopes --- SEC-ICP MS --- glutathione peroxidase --- thioredoxin reductase --- SECIS --- translation regulation --- autoimmune thyroid disease --- diabetes mellitus --- Graves' disease --- Hashimoto thyroiditis --- infection --- inflammation --- long-COVID --- rheumatoid arthritis --- selenoprotein P --- sepsis --- selenoprotein W --- thioredoxin --- 14-3-3 --- Akt --- cell death --- Selenof --- selenium --- selenoprotein --- colon cancer --- barrier integrity --- cardiovascular --- heart --- selenoproteins --- Keshan's Disease --- bacteria --- selenite --- selenium delivery system --- Trsp --- hypothalamus --- Agrp neuron --- sex differences --- diet-induced obesity --- leptin resistance --- macrophage --- differentiation --- redox signaling --- NRF2 --- NF-κB --- lipid mediators --- seleocysteine --- autoimmunity --- lymphocyte --- cadmium cytotoxicity --- cancer therapy --- cisplatin --- ICP-MS --- nonsynonymous mutation --- selenium homeostasis --- ZIP8 --- Trit1 --- isopentenylation --- tRNA[Ser]Sec --- selenocysteine --- genetic variance --- human disease --- selenophosphate synthetase --- endothelial cell --- reactive oxygen species --- cell growth --- angiogenesis --- SEPHS1 --- early embryogenesis --- embryonic lethality --- prostate --- cancer --- tumor suppressor --- selenoprotein deficiency --- SECISBP2 --- Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec --- SEPSECS --- antioxidative defense --- autoantibody --- Hashimoto's thyroiditis --- trace element --- recoding --- SECIS-binding protein --- translation termination --- nonsense-mediated decay --- ribosome rescue --- health --- mouse models --- selenocysteine (Sec) --- virus --- viral --- antioxidant --- HIV --- HCV --- HBV --- coxsackie virus --- influenza --- HIV-1 --- viral infection --- SELENOS --- SELENOO --- primary T cells --- Jurkat --- SupT1 --- translational control --- selenoproteome --- selenoprotein hierarchy --- nonradioactive isotopes --- SEC-ICP MS --- glutathione peroxidase --- thioredoxin reductase --- SECIS --- translation regulation --- autoimmune thyroid disease --- diabetes mellitus --- Graves' disease --- Hashimoto thyroiditis --- infection --- inflammation --- long-COVID --- rheumatoid arthritis --- selenoprotein P --- sepsis --- selenoprotein W --- thioredoxin --- 14-3-3 --- Akt --- cell death --- Selenof --- selenium --- selenoprotein --- colon cancer --- barrier integrity --- cardiovascular --- heart --- selenoproteins --- Keshan's Disease --- bacteria --- selenite --- selenium delivery system --- Trsp --- hypothalamus --- Agrp neuron --- sex differences --- diet-induced obesity --- leptin resistance --- macrophage --- differentiation --- redox signaling --- NRF2 --- NF-κB --- lipid mediators --- seleocysteine --- autoimmunity --- lymphocyte --- cadmium cytotoxicity --- cancer therapy --- cisplatin --- ICP-MS --- nonsynonymous mutation --- selenium homeostasis --- ZIP8 --- Trit1 --- isopentenylation --- tRNA[Ser]Sec --- selenocysteine --- genetic variance --- human disease --- selenophosphate synthetase --- endothelial cell --- reactive oxygen species --- cell growth --- angiogenesis --- SEPHS1 --- early embryogenesis --- embryonic lethality --- prostate --- cancer --- tumor suppressor --- selenoprotein deficiency --- SECISBP2 --- Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec --- SEPSECS --- antioxidative defense --- autoantibody --- Hashimoto's thyroiditis --- trace element --- recoding --- SECIS-binding protein --- translation termination --- nonsense-mediated decay --- ribosome rescue --- health --- mouse models --- selenocysteine (Sec) --- virus --- viral --- antioxidant --- HIV --- HCV --- HBV --- coxsackie virus --- influenza --- HIV-1 --- viral infection --- SELENOS --- SELENOO --- primary T cells --- Jurkat --- SupT1 --- translational control