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Cognitive processes. --- Haloperidol. --- Torticollis spasmodicus.

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Diazepam. --- Haloperidol. --- Mk-801. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Stereotypies. --- Stereotypy.

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TRANQUILIZING AGENTS, MAJOR --- DOPAMINE --- RATS --- HALOPERIDOL --- BIOSYNTHESIS --- METABOLISM

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Accumbens. --- Antagonism. --- Apomorphine. --- Behaviour. --- Caudate-nucleus. --- D-amphetamine. --- Haloperidol. --- Nucleus accumbens. --- Nucleus-accumbens. --- Nucleus. --- Stereotyped behaviour.

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Recent clinical evidence supports the potential of neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonists as novel antidepressant drugs. A number of NK1 antagonists have reduced affinity for rat and mouse NK1 receptors compared to human, making it difficult to test for efficacy in traditional animal models. NK1 antagonists, in general, have similar affinity at gerbil and human NK1 receptors. The aims of these studies were, first to validate the gerbil tail suspension test, a test used frequently to demonstrate antidepressant drug efficacy in mice, and second, to determine whether the test could be used to demonstrate the antidepressant potential of NK1 antagonists. Immobility time was reduced by oral administration of the antidepressants imipramine (3-30 mg/kg), desipramine (1-30 mg/kg), amitriptyline (30 mg/kg), fluoxetine (1-30 mg/kg), paroxetine (3-10 mg/kg), citalopram (0.1-3 mg/kg), sertraline (1-30 mg/kg), venlafaxine (1-30 mg/kg) and nefazodone (100 mg/kg). Furthermore, oral administration of the NK1 antagonists M K-869 (10 mg/kg), L-742,694 (110 mg/kg), L-733,060 (10 mg/kg), CP-99,994 (30 mg/kg), and CP-122,721 (3-30 mg/kg) reduced immobility time. Diazepam (1-10 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (1-10 mg/kg), buspirone (3-30 mgAg), FG-7142 (1-30 mg/kg), and haloperidol (1-10 mg/kg) did not reduce immobility. Amphetamine (0.3-10 mg/kg) and atropine (0.3-10 mg/kg) reduced immobility, suggesting susceptibility to false positives, e.g. compounds that affect locomotion. Compounds were therefore tested in a gerbil locomotor activity (LMA) test to ensure that the antidepressant-like effects were not secondary to effects on activity. Antidepressant drugs and NK1 antagonists had no effect on LMA at doses that reduced immobility, whereas amphetamine and atropine induced marked hyperactivity. These studies support both the utility of gerbils in behavioral pharmacology and the antidepressant potential of selective NK1 antagonists

Activity. --- Amphetamine. --- Animal model. --- Animal-model. --- Animal-models. --- Animal. --- Antidepressant drugs. --- Antidepressant. --- Anxiolytic-like. --- Atropine. --- Behavior. --- Blockade. --- Citalopram. --- Depression. --- Diazepam. --- Drug. --- Drugs. --- Fluoxetine. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Haloperidol. --- Human. --- Hyperactivity. --- Immobility. --- Inhibition. --- Locomotion. --- Locomotor activity. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Mice. --- Model. --- Models. --- Mouse. --- Neurokinin nk1 receptor antagonists. --- Neurokinin nk1 receptor. --- Nk1 receptor antagonists. --- Nonpeptide antagonist. --- Pharmacology. --- Rat. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Social-interaction. --- Substance p. --- Substance-p receptors. --- Susceptibility. --- Tail suspension test. --- Test. --- Time.