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The transition from communist dictatorship to multi-party democracy has proved a long and painful process for the countries of Eastern Europe, and has met with varying degrees of success. In Hungary, the radical opposition was uniquely successful in fighting off attempts by the old-guard communist elite to hijack reform programmes, by forcing free elections and creating a multi-party system. This volume focuses on the Hungarian experience, analysing in detail the process of transition from dictatorship to pluralist democracy. Some of Hungary's leading political scientists examine issues such as the legitimation crisis of communist rule, resulting struggles within the ruling elite and the forces behind transition. Constitutional reform, party formation and voting behaviour at the first free elections are also taken into account. The concluding section places the Hungarian experience in comparative perspective, within the context of other Central and Western European states.
POST-COMMUNISM--HUNGARY --- HUNGARY--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
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HUNGARY--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT --- POST-COMMUNISM--HUNGARY --- DEMOCRACY--HUNGARY
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"À partir d’une enquête approfondie menée à Budapest et d’entretiens avec des conseillers actuels ou passés de Viktor Orbán, Amélie Poinssot nous fait entrer dans la tête de ce dirigeant d’un petit pays de près de 10 millions d’habitants, membre de l’UE depuis 2004. Comment l’étudiant en droit passionné par Solidarność, comment le fougueux libertaire qui prenait la parole en 1989 devant une foule immense pour exiger le départ des troupes soviétiques, s’est-il métamorphosé en chantre de l’“illibéralisme”, réélu triomphalement en 2018, ami de Poutine, coqueluche d’un Salvini ou d’un Bolsonaro ? À la différence des extrêmes droites occidentales, Viktor Orbán et son parti, le Fidesz, toujours membre du PPE, le grand parti de droite européen, n’ont jamais entendu se “normaliser” ni se “dédiaboliser” pour accéder ou se maintenir au pouvoir. C’est au contraire en parvenant aux plus hautes fonctions de l’État que leur discours s’est radicalisé et a fait peu à peu tomber toutes les digues du “politiquement correct”. Farouchement opposé – alors même qu’il n’envisage aucunement de quitter l’UE ni de perdre ses subventions – à toute politique européenne d’accueil des réfugiés, ne manquant jamais une occasion de mettre en avant les racines chrétiennes de son pays, bâtisseur d’un État autoritaire, Viktor Orbán fait sien l’héritage de la droite hongroise nationaliste de l’entre-deux-guerres. Avec lui au pouvoir, le prix Nobel Imre Kertész craignait le pire et notait déjà en 2001 : “Qu’elle est singulière cette Hongrie chrétienne, nationale, irrédente et démocratique ! Elle ne rappelle ni le pays des grands Hongrois du XIXe siècle, ni la démocratie, ni la liberté, mais la pire Hongrie pré-fasciste.”
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A no-holds-barred biography of Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban, who has become a pivotal figure in European politics since 2010, this is the first English- language study of the erstwhile anti-communist rebel turned populist autocrat. Through a masterly and cynical manipulation of ethnic nationalism, generating fear of migrants and deep-rooted corruption, Orban has exploited successive electoral victories to build a closely knit and super-rich oligarchy. He holds unfettered power in Hungary and is regarded as the single most powerful leader within the European Union. Orban's ambitions are far-reaching. Hailed by governments and far-right politicians as a symbol of a new anti-Brussels nationalism, his ruthless crackdown on refugees, his open break with normative values and his undisguised admiration for Presidents Putin and Trump mean he poses a formidable challenge to Angela Merkel and the survival of liberal democracy in a divided Europe. Drawing on access to exclusive documents and numerous interviews, the author paints a compelling portrait of the most successful and, arguably, most dangerous politician in Hungarian history.
ORBAN, VIKTOR, 1963 --- BIOGRAPHY --- PRIME MINISTERS--HUNGARY--BIOGRAPHY --- HUNGARY--POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
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Communism --- Communisme --- History --- Histoire --- Hungary --- Politics and government --- History. --- Communism - Hungary - History --- Hungary - Politics and government - 20th century
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