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Human T-cell leukemia viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) have similar genomic structure but differ in pathogenicity. HTLV-1 is associated with ATL whereas HTLV-2 has not been linked to lymphoproliferative diseases. A comparative analysis between the two viruses is important to reach a better understanding of the difference in pathogenesis. A key role is attributed to the Tax proteins; Tax-1 function and structure has been thoroughly investigated but less is known about Tax-2. Recent studies on HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 expression strategies highlighted converging patterns as well as peculiar differences in the expression of regulatory proteins that might influence the pathobiology of these viruses. The study of interaction of regulatory proteins with cellular pathways factors has opened new avenues in understanding the mechanisms of gene transcription and deregulation. However, further investigation is needed on the role on innate immunity on HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 pathogenesis. Concerning the mechanisms of infection and related diseases and of their interaction with other co-infecting agents, the comparison between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 needs further investigation.

Microbiology. --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Proteins --- Co-infection --- Expression --- HTLV-1 --- HTLV-2

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Le virus T-lymphotrope humain de type 1 (HTLV-1) est le premier rétrovirus à avoir été caractérisé comme étant à l’origine d’une maladie humaine, infectant 5 à 10 millions de personnes à travers le monde. Il est associé à deux maladies principales : le lymphome/leucémie à cellules T de l’adulte (ATL) et la paraparésie spastique tropicale ou myélopathie associée au HTLV-1 (TSP/HAM). Il a la particularité de produire un transcrit antisens ainsi que sa protéine associée : HBZ. L’ARNm de HBZ est principalement localisé dans le noyau des cellules infectées. Ce transcrit présente des propriétés particulières en étant notamment capable d’interagir spécifiquement avec le promoteur HTLV-1, le 5’LTR. Ce mécanisme empêche l'expression génétique des protéines dirigée par le 5’LTR, une surexpression de ce transcrit provoquant un niveau de production des protéines Tax et Gag/Pol significativement plus bas. Le but de ce travail est d’étudier les fonctions de cet ARN en venant le cibler avec des acides peptidiques nucléiques (PNA) et ainsi d'évaluer un éventuel impact sur l’expression de la protéine Tax dans des lignées infectées par HTLV-1. Les résultats montrent que les PNA sont bien absorbés par les cellules, mais y sont toxiques. En étant capables de pénétrer dans les cellules et d’atteindre leur noyau, ces PNA pourraient permettre d'étudier le rôle de l’ARN de HBZ dans les mécanismes de viabilité cellulaire et de latence virale.

Rétrovirus, HTLV-1, antisens, PNA, acides nucléiques peptidiques --- Sciences du vivant > Biotechnologie

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Human T-cell leukemia viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) have similar genomic structure but differ in pathogenicity. HTLV-1 is associated with ATL whereas HTLV-2 has not been linked to lymphoproliferative diseases. A comparative analysis between the two viruses is important to reach a better understanding of the difference in pathogenesis. A key role is attributed to the Tax proteins; Tax-1 function and structure has been thoroughly investigated but less is known about Tax-2. Recent studies on HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 expression strategies highlighted converging patterns as well as peculiar differences in the expression of regulatory proteins that might influence the pathobiology of these viruses. The study of interaction of regulatory proteins with cellular pathways factors has opened new avenues in understanding the mechanisms of gene transcription and deregulation. However, further investigation is needed on the role on innate immunity on HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 pathogenesis. Concerning the mechanisms of infection and related diseases and of their interaction with other co-infecting agents, the comparison between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 needs further investigation.

Microbiology. --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Proteins --- Co-infection --- Expression --- HTLV-1 --- HTLV-2

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Medical microbiology & virology --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- HTLV-1 --- Tax-1 --- HBZ --- ATL --- HAM/TSP --- oncogenic viuses --- Gene Expression --- NF-κB --- Cell Proliferation --- therapy

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A large number of diseases affect salivary gland (SG) secretion through different mechanisms, leading to SG dysfunction and associated oral problems. The glands may suffer from viral, bacterial, and, albeit rarely, fungal infections, which may cause painful swelling or obstruction; they could also become the target of an autoimmune attack or may be affected by various benign and malignant tumors which consist of a heterogeneous group of lesions with complex clinical–pathological characteristics. The loss of normal SG function results in widespread deterioration of oral health. This book, entitled “Diseases of Salivary Glands”, provides an overview of recent advances in the field of SG disorders, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of SG diseases and on the most innovative investigation techniques that could help to preserve patients’ health, function, and quality of life.

Medicine --- salivary glands --- minor salivary glands --- salivary gland carcinoma --- mucoepidermoid carcinoma --- in situ carcinoma --- intra-cystic carcinoma --- chronic kidney disease --- salivary gland dysfunction --- salivary biomarkers --- oxidative stress --- nitrosative stress --- viral infection --- Epstein-Barr virus --- HTLV-1 --- salivary gland epithelial cell --- Hashimoto’s disease --- saliva --- Sjögren’s syndrome --- autoimmune disease --- physiopathology --- treatment --- diagnosis --- review --- primary Sjögren’s syndrome --- imaging --- salivary gland --- sialography --- salivary gland ultrasonography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- sialendoscopy --- salivary gland scintigraphy --- positron emission tomography --- NF-κB --- inflammation --- autoimmunity --- innate cells --- adaptive cells --- MR sialography --- dynamic --- sublingual gland ducts --- xerostomia --- SGEC --- immortalization --- acinar --- ductal --- spheroid --- n/a --- autoimmune diseases --- Sjögren syndrome --- B-cell lymphoma --- extranodal marginal zone lymphoma --- MALT lymphoma --- primary breast lymphoma --- radiation --- hyposalivation --- purinergic signaling --- bystander effect --- P2 receptors --- radioprotection --- head and neck cancer --- oral candidiasis --- Hashimoto's disease --- Sjögren's syndrome --- primary Sjögren's syndrome --- Sjögren syndrome