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The innate immune system is the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections and sterile inflammation through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) resulting in the production of proinflammatory and antiviral cytokines and chemokines. Several damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which were released by passive or active mechanisms under sterile conditions, are additionally recognized by PRRs and can cause or even aggravate the inflammatory response. In this special issue many aspects of innate immunity are summarized. Mechanisms of different DAMPs to induce pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, functions of different immune cells, as well as the crosstalk between coagulation and innate immunity were described. Furthermore, aspects of autoinflammatory diseases, types of programmed cell death pathways, and insect immunity are covered. Finally, therapeutic options for the treatment of diseases related to autoimmunity or infections are suggested. Overall, this special issue presents a broad overview of activities related to sterile inflammation and defense mechanisms of innate immunity.

Medicine --- inflammation --- type I interferons --- interleukin-1β --- crosstalk --- hepatic non-parenchymal cells --- albumin --- chronic liver diseases --- bacteria --- cytomegalovirus --- endothelin receptor --- repurposing --- cell culture --- Drosophila suzukii --- hemocytes --- plasmatocytes --- extracellular traps --- HMGB1 --- RAGE --- TLR4 --- DAMP --- SIRT1 --- α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor --- nociceptor --- cancer --- COVID-19 --- proteostasis --- autoinflammation --- ribosomopathies --- proteinopathies --- proteasomopathies --- extracellular RNA --- cytokines --- macrophages --- endothelial cells --- toll-like receptors --- angiogenesis --- γδ T cells --- gamma delta T cells --- proliferation --- macrophage polarization --- neutrophils --- neutrophil extracellular traps --- NETs --- ischemia --- PANoptosis --- PANoptosome --- pyroptosis --- apoptosis --- necroptosis --- inflammatory cell death --- inflammasome --- innate immunity --- infection --- NLR --- caspase --- IRF1 --- ZBP1 --- RIPK1 --- RIPK3 --- MLKL --- NLRP3 --- AIM2 --- Pyrin --- caspase-1 --- ASC --- caspase-8 --- caspase-3 --- caspase-7 --- plasticity --- redundancy --- SMOC1 --- thrombin --- n/a

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This book collected recent innovative research and review articles on analytical techniques, production protocols, biotechnological tools, and new insights into bioactivities of ginsenosides including the effects on epithelial-mesenchymal transition, hippocampal neurogenesis and inflammation as well as on diseases such as ischemic stroke, autoimmune diseases, and allergic disorders. Additionally, the analysis through molecular docking and an overview of the Panax ginseng pharmacopuncture were also presented.

Medicine --- Ginseng berries --- UPLC-QTOF/MS --- HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy --- ginsenoside --- primary metabolite --- notoginseng leaf triterpenes --- HMGB1 --- cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury --- inflammation --- MAPK --- NF-κB --- Panax ginseng --- wild ginseng --- pharmacopuncture --- safety --- clinical trials --- ocotillol type ginsenoside epimers --- stereoselective ADME characteristics --- molecular docking analysis --- homology modeling --- molecular interaction --- Rg3 --- Th17 --- RORγt --- EAE --- Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans --- complete genome sequence --- novel glycoside hydrolases --- bioconversion --- recombinant enzyme --- ginsenoside Rg3(S) --- gram unit production --- Asian ginseng --- American ginseng --- Panax quinquefolium L. --- ginsenosides --- anti-inflammation --- pro-resolving --- ginseng --- macrophage --- M2 polarization --- ginsenoside CK --- neurogenesis --- cell proliferation --- neuroprotection --- dammarane-type triterpene saponin --- ginsenoside MT1 --- transglycosylation --- biotransformation --- biotechnology --- Anxa2 --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- (20S)G-Rh2 --- bioreactor --- cell suspension --- hairy root --- polyploidy --- protoplast --- Panax sp. --- polysaccharides --- allergy --- immune system --- compound M1 --- hepatoprotective --- anti-cancer --- anti-diabetic --- Ginseng berries --- UPLC-QTOF/MS --- HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy --- ginsenoside --- primary metabolite --- notoginseng leaf triterpenes --- HMGB1 --- cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury --- inflammation --- MAPK --- NF-κB --- Panax ginseng --- wild ginseng --- pharmacopuncture --- safety --- clinical trials --- ocotillol type ginsenoside epimers --- stereoselective ADME characteristics --- molecular docking analysis --- homology modeling --- molecular interaction --- Rg3 --- Th17 --- RORγt --- EAE --- Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans --- complete genome sequence --- novel glycoside hydrolases --- bioconversion --- recombinant enzyme --- ginsenoside Rg3(S) --- gram unit production --- Asian ginseng --- American ginseng --- Panax quinquefolium L. --- ginsenosides --- anti-inflammation --- pro-resolving --- ginseng --- macrophage --- M2 polarization --- ginsenoside CK --- neurogenesis --- cell proliferation --- neuroprotection --- dammarane-type triterpene saponin --- ginsenoside MT1 --- transglycosylation --- biotransformation --- biotechnology --- Anxa2 --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- (20S)G-Rh2 --- bioreactor --- cell suspension --- hairy root --- polyploidy --- protoplast --- Panax sp. --- polysaccharides --- allergy --- immune system --- compound M1 --- hepatoprotective --- anti-cancer --- anti-diabetic

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This book collected recent innovative research and review articles on analytical techniques, production protocols, biotechnological tools, and new insights into bioactivities of ginsenosides including the effects on epithelial-mesenchymal transition, hippocampal neurogenesis and inflammation as well as on diseases such as ischemic stroke, autoimmune diseases, and allergic disorders. Additionally, the analysis through molecular docking and an overview of the Panax ginseng pharmacopuncture were also presented.

Medicine --- Ginseng berries --- UPLC-QTOF/MS --- HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy --- ginsenoside --- primary metabolite --- notoginseng leaf triterpenes --- HMGB1 --- cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury --- inflammation --- MAPK --- NF-κB --- Panax ginseng --- wild ginseng --- pharmacopuncture --- safety --- clinical trials --- ocotillol type ginsenoside epimers --- stereoselective ADME characteristics --- molecular docking analysis --- homology modeling --- molecular interaction --- Rg3 --- Th17 --- RORγt --- EAE --- Lactobacillus ginsenosidimutans --- complete genome sequence --- novel glycoside hydrolases --- bioconversion --- recombinant enzyme --- ginsenoside Rg3(S) --- gram unit production --- Asian ginseng --- American ginseng --- Panax quinquefolium L. --- ginsenosides --- anti-inflammation --- pro-resolving --- ginseng --- macrophage --- M2 polarization --- ginsenoside CK --- neurogenesis --- cell proliferation --- neuroprotection --- dammarane-type triterpene saponin --- ginsenoside MT1 --- transglycosylation --- biotransformation --- biotechnology --- Anxa2 --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition --- (20S)G-Rh2 --- bioreactor --- cell suspension --- hairy root --- polyploidy --- protoplast --- Panax sp. --- polysaccharides --- allergy --- immune system --- n/a --- compound M1 --- hepatoprotective --- anti-cancer --- anti-diabetic

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The combination of an increasing prevalence of diabetes and the aging of populations enables the appearance of a greater number of associated complications such as diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of preventable vision loss in working-age adults. The objective of this Special Issue is to highlight the existing evidence regarding the relationship between oxidative stress and low-grade chronic inflammation induced by hyperglycemia with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, with an emphasis on the importance of early diagnosis and the use of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches to prevent or delay the harmful effects of diabetes on retinal tissue.

eicosanoids --- oxidative stress --- diabetic retinopathy --- cyclooxygenase --- lipoxygenase --- Cytochrome P450 --- HDAC6 --- tubastatin A --- retinal endothelial cells --- retinal endothelial cell senescence --- db/db mice --- Cinnamomi Ramulus --- Paeoniae Radix --- CPA4-1 --- blood-retinal barrier --- occludin --- human retina --- epiretinal membrane --- internal limiting membrane --- vitreoretinal surgery --- macular hole --- proliferative diabetic retinopathy --- antioxidants --- diabetes mellitus --- free radicals --- high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) --- inflammatory pathways --- novel therapies --- diabetic retinopathy (DR) --- inflammation --- angiogenesis --- extracellular vesicles --- miRNA --- biomarkers --- apoptosis --- fenofibrate --- thioredoxin --- hyperglycemia --- astaxanthin --- carotenoid --- reactive oxygen species --- photoreceptor cells --- PI3K --- Nrf2 --- eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- retinal pigment epithelium --- antioxidant --- ascorbic acid --- retinal disease --- vitamin D --- GLP-1 --- superoxide dismutase --- biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy --- metabolic memory --- tear film --- aqueous humor --- vitreous humor --- mitochondria --- redox --- photoreceptor --- glycation --- aging --- glyoxalase --- n/a